| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
Scope and Organization | |
| |
| |
| |
Getting Started | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Earth's Crust | |
| |
| |
| |
Geologic Cycle and Geological Time | |
| |
| |
| |
Rock and Mineral Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
Weathering | |
| |
| |
| |
Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Profiles and Their Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
Postdepositional Changes in Sediments | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Mineralogy | |
| |
| |
| |
Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
Atomic Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Interatomic Bonding | |
| |
| |
| |
Secondary Bonds | |
| |
| |
| |
Crystals and Their Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
Crystal Notation | |
| |
| |
| |
Factors Controlling Crystal Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Silicate Crystals | |
| |
| |
| |
Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Minerals and Materials Formed by Biogenic and Geochemical Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Nonclay Mineral Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Units of the Layer Silicates | |
| |
| |
| |
Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
The 1:1 Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Smectite Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Micalike Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Clay Mineral Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of Soil Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
X-ray Diffraction Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Methods for Compositional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Composition and Engineering Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Approaches to the Study of Composition and Property Interrelationships | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Properties of Granular Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase | |
| |
| |
| |
Atterberg Limits | |
| |
| |
| |
Activity | |
| |
| |
| |
Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Properties of Clay Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Effects of Organic Matter | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Fabric and Its Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Definitions of Fabrics and Fabric Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
Single-Grain Fabrics | |
| |
| |
| |
Contact Force Characterization Using Photoelasticity | |
| |
| |
| |
Multigrain Fabrics | |
| |
| |
| |
Voids and Their Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Acquisition and Preparation for Fabric Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Methods for Fabric Study | |
| |
| |
| |
Pore Size Distribution Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Indirect Methods for Fabric Characterization | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil-Water-Chemical Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Nature of Ice and Water | |
| |
| |
| |
Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanisms of Soil-Water Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water | |
| |
| |
| |
Clay-Water-Electrolyte System | |
| |
| |
| |
Ion Distributions in Clay-Water Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Elements of Double-Layer Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
Limitations of the Gouy-Chapman Diffuse Double Layer Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Energy and Force of Repulsion | |
| |
| |
| |
Long-Range Attraction | |
| |
| |
| |
Net Energy of Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Cation Exchange-General Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
Theories for Ion Exchange | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil-Inorganic Chemical Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Clay-Organic Chemical Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Effective, Intergranular, and Total Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Principle of Effective Stress | |
| |
| |
| |
Force Distributions in a Particulate System | |
| |
| |
| |
Interparticle Forces | |
| |
| |
| |
Intergranular Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
Water Pressures and Potentials | |
| |
| |
| |
Water Pressure Equilibrium in Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
Measurement of Pore Pressures in Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Effective and Intergranular Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
Assessment of Terzaghi's Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
Water-Air Interactions in Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Deposits-Their Formation, Structure, Geotechnical Properties, and Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Residual Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Surficial Residual Soils and Taxonomy | |
| |
| |
| |
Terrestrial Deposits | |
| |
| |
| |
Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits | |
| |
| |
| |
Marine Deposits | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical and Biological Deposits | |
| |
| |
| |
Fabric, Structure, and Property Relationships: General Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Fabric and Property Anisotropy | |
| |
| |
| |
Sand Fabric and Liquefaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Sensitivity and Its Causes | |
| |
| |
| |
Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays | |
| |
| |
| |
Dispersive Clays | |
| |
| |
| |
Slaking | |
| |
| |
| |
Collapsing Soils and Swelling Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Hard Soils and Soft Rocks | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Conduction Phenomena | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Flow Laws and Interrelationships | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydraulic Conductivity | |
| |
| |
| |
Flows Through Unsaturated Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermal Conductivity | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrical Conductivity | |
| |
| |
| |
Diffusion | |
| |
| |
| |
Typical Ranges of Flow Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts Through Soil-Coupled Flows | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantification of Coupled Flows | |
| |
| |
| |
Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Chemicals | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrokinetic Phenomena | |
| |
| |
| |
Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows | |
| |
| |
| |
Compatibility-Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
Electroosmosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Electroosmosis Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
Consolidation by Electroosmosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrochemical Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrokinetic Remediation | |
| |
| |
| |
Self-Potentials | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermally Driven Moisture Flows | |
| |
| |
| |
Ground Freezing | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Volume Change Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
General Volume Change Behavior of Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Preconsolidation Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Interactions in Volume Change | |
| |
| |
| |
Fabric, Structure, and Volume Change | |
| |
| |
| |
Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling | |
| |
| |
| |
Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion | |
| |
| |
| |
Consolidation | |
| |
| |
| |
Secondary Compression | |
| |
| |
| |
In Situ Horizontal Stress (K[subscript 0]) | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature-Volume Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Strength and Deformation Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation | |
| |
| |
| |
Fabric, Structure, and Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
Friction Between Solid Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
Frictional Behavior of Minerals | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Interactions Among Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
Strength Parameters for Sands | |
| |
| |
| |
Strength Parameters for Clays | |
| |
| |
| |
Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization | |
| |
| |
| |
Residual State and Residual Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy | |
| |
| |
| |
Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Strength of Mixed Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Cohesion | |
| |
| |
| |
Fracturing of Soils | |
| |
| |
| |
Deformation Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
Linear Elastic Stiffness | |
| |
| |
| |
Transition from Elastic to Plastic States | |
| |
| |
| |
Plastic Deformation | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Time Effects on Strength and Deformation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
General Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
Time-Dependent Deformation-Structure Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Soil Deformation as a Rate Process | |
| |
| |
| |
Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process | |
| |
| |
| |
Creep and Stress Relaxation | |
| |
| |
| |
Rate Effects on Stress-Strain Relationships | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling of Stress-Strain-Time Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
Creep Rupture | |
| |
| |
| |
Sand Aging Effects and Their Significance | |
| |
| |
| |
Mechanical Processes of Aging | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Processes of Aging | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Comments | |
| |
| |
Questions and Problems | |
| |
| |
List of Symbols | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Index | |