| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties of Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antenna Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effective Area | |
| |
| |
| |
| Path Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radar Range Equation and Cross Section | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Use an Antenna? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Directivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Directivity Estimates | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pencil Beam | |
| |
| |
| |
| Butterfly or Omnidirectional Pattern | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beam Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input-Impedance Mismatch Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular Polarization Components | |
| |
| |
| |
| Huygens Source Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relations Between Bases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antenna Polarization Response | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Response of Rotating Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Partial Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurement of Circular Polarization Using Amplitude Only | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vector Effective Height | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antenna Factor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutual Coupling Between Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antenna Noise Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Communication Link Budget and Radar Range | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multipath | |
| |
| |
| |
| Propagation Over Soil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multipath Fading | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Structures and Numerical Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Auxiliary Vector Potentials | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation from Electric Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation from Magnetic Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Apertures: Huygens Source Approximation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Near- and Far-Field Regions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Huygens Source | |
| |
| |
| |
| Boundary Conditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Optics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiated Fields Given Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applying Physical Optics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reactance Theorem and Mutual Coupling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Method of Moments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use of the Reactance Theorem for the Method of Moments | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Moments Method Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thin-Wire Moment Method Codes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface and Volume Moment Method Codes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examples of Moment Method Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Central Difference Derivative | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finite-Difference Maxwell's Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Step for Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Numerical Dispersion and Stability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computer Storage and Execution Times | |
| |
| |
| |
| Excitation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waveguide Horn Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ray Optics and the Geometric Theory of Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fermat's Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| H-Plane Pattern of a Dipole Located Over a Finite Strip | |
| |
| |
| |
| E-Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| H-Plane Pattern of a Rectangular Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplitude Variations Along a Ray | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extra Phase Shift Through Caustics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Snell's Laws and Reflection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polarization Effects in Reflections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflection from a Curved Surface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ray Tracing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Edge Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slope Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corner Diffraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivalent Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction from Curved Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two-Element Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Array of N Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hansen and Woodyard End-Fire Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phased Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grating Lobes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple Beams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Planar Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grating Lobes in Planar Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutual Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scan Blindness and Array Element Pattern | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compensating Array Feeding for Mutual Coupling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Array Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arrays Using Arbitrarily Oriented Elements | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aperture Distributions and Array Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplitude Taper and Phase Error Efficiencies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Separable Rectangular Aperture Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circularly Symmetrical Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple Linear Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taylor One-Parameter Linear Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taylor n Line Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taylor Line Distribution with Edge Nulls | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elliott's Method for Modified Taylor Distribution and Arbitary Sidelobes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bayliss Line-Source Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Woodward Line-Source Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Schelkunoff's Unit-Circle Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dolph-Chebyshev Linear Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Villeneuve Array Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zero Sampling of Continuous Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier Series Shaped-Beam Array Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Orchard Method of Array Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Series-Fed Array and Traveling-Wave Feed Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular Apertures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular Gaussian Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hansen Single-Parameter Circular Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Taylor Circular-Aperture Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bayliss Circular-Aperture Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Planar Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Convolution Technique for Planar Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aperture Blockage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quadratic Phase Error | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beam Efficiency of Circular Apertures with Axisymmetric Distribution | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dipoles, Slots, and Loops | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standing-Wave Currents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Resistance (Conductance) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Babinet-Booker Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dipoles Located Over a Ground Plane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dipole Mounted Over Finite Ground Planes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corssed Dipoles for Circular Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Super Turnstile or Batwing Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corner Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monopole | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sleeve Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cavity-Mounted Dipole Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Folded Dipole | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shunt Feeding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discone Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Baluns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Folded Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sleeve or Bazooka Baluns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Split Coax Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Half-Wavelength Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Candelabra Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ferrite Core Baluns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ferrite Candelabra Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transformer Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Split Tapered Coax Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Small Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alford Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resonant Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quadrifilar Helix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cavity-Backed Slots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stripline Series Slots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shallow-Cavity Crossed-Slot Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waveguide-Fed Slots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rectangular-Waveguide Wall Slots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular-Waveguide Slots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waveguide Slot Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonresonant Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resonant Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improved Design Methods | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstrip Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstrip Antenna Patterns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstrip Patch Bandwidth and Surface-Wave Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quarter-Wave Patch Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular Microstrip Patch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circularly Polarized Patch Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compact Patches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Directly Fed Stacked Patches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aperture-Coupled Stacked Patches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patch Antenna Feed Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Series-Fed Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstrip Dipole | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstrip Franklin Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Microstrip Antenna Mechanical Properties | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Horn Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rectangular Horn (Pyramidal) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beamwidth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimum Rectangular Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Designing to Given Beamwidths | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Center | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular-Aperture Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beamwidth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Center | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular (Conical) Corrugated Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scalar Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrugation Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Choke Horns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rectangular Corrugated Horns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrugated Ground Plane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gaussian Beam | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ridged Waveguide Horns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Box Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| T-Bar-Fed Slot Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multimode Circular Horn | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biconical Horn | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflector Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paraboloidal Reflector Geometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paraboloidal Reflector Aperture Distribution Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Approximate Spillover and Amplitude Taper Trade-offs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Error Losses and Axial Defocusing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Astigmatism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed Scanning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Random Phase Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Focal Plane Fields | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed Mismatch Due to the Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Front-to-Back Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Offset-Fed Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reflections from Conic Sections | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dual-Reflector Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed Blockage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffraction Loss | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cassegrain Tolerances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed and Subreflector Support Strut Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gain/Noise Temperature of a Dual Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Displaced-Axis Dual Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Offset-Fed Dual Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Horn Reflector and Dragonian Dual Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spherical Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shaped Reflectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cylindrical Reflector Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circularly Symmetrical Reflector Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Doubly Curved Reflector for Shaped Beams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dual Shaped Reflectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimization Synthesis of Shaped and Multiple-Beam Reflectors | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lens Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single Refracting Surface Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zoned Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Two-Surface Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single-Surface or Contact Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Metal Plate Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Mismatch and Dielectric Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed Scanning of a Hyperboloidal Lens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dual-Surface Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coma-Free Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Specified Aperture Distribution Axisymmetric Dielectric Lens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bootlace Lens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Luneburg Lens | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traveling-Wave Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Traveling Waves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slow Wave | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fast Waves (Leaky Wave Structure) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Long Wire Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beverage Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| V Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rhombic Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Yagi-Uda Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Feed Yagi-Uda Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resonant Loop Yagi-Uda Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corrugated Rod (Cigar) Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dielectric Rod (Polyrod) Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Helical Wire Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Helical Modes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Axial Mode | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed of a Helical Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Long Helical Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Short Helical Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Short Backfire Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tapered Slot Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Leaky Wave Structures | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Independent Antennas | |
| |
| |
| Spiral Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modal Expansion of Antenna Patterns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Archimedean Spiral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equiangular Spiral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern Analysis of Spiral Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spiral Construction and Feeding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spiral Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Balun Feed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infinite Balun | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beamformer and Coaxial Line Feed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spiral and Beamformer Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed Network and Antenna Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modulated Arm Width Spiral | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conical Log Spiral Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mode 2 Conical Log Spiral Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feeding Conical Log Spirals | |
| |
| |
| Log-Periodic Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feeding a Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Center | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elevation Angle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arrays of Log-Periodic Dipole Antennas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Log-Periodic Types | |
| |
| |
| |
| Log-Periodic Antenna Feeding Paraboloidal Reflector | |
| |
| |
| |
| V Log-Periodic Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cavity-Backed Planar Log-Periodic Antennas | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phased Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed Phase Shifters (Phasers) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantization Lobes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Array Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonuniform and Random Element Existence Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Space Tapered Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circular Space Tapered Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistically Thinned Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Array Element Pattern | |
| |
| |
| |
| Feed Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corporate Feed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Series Feed | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variable Power Divider and Phase Shifter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Butler Matrix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space Feeding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tapered Feed Network with Uniform-Amplitude Subarrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern Null Formation in Arbitrary Array | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phased Array Application to Communication Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Near-Field Measurements on Phased Arrays | |