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| Preface | |
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| Background concepts for Air Monitoring | |
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| Air Monitoring Review | |
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| Air Sampling in Perspective | |
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| Air Sampling Strategy and Plan | |
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| Types of Air Monitoring | |
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| Air Sampling Techniques | |
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| Sample Collection Devices | |
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| Direct-Reading Devices | |
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| Monitoring Records | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Hazards | |
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| Contaminants | |
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| Toxic Effects | |
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| Warning Signs | |
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| Standards and Guidelines for Air Sampling | |
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| Exposure Controls | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Exposure Assessment Strategy and Monitoring Plan | |
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| Exposure Assessment | |
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| Performing an Exposure Assessment | |
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| Exposure Monitoring Plan | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Air Monitoring at Emergencies Including Terrorism Events | |
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| Reasons for Air Sampling | |
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| Terrorism Agents | |
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| Identifying a Terrorism Event | |
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| Planning for Emergencies and Terrorism Events | |
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| Air Sampling for Chemical Agents | |
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| Air Sampling for Biological Agents | |
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| Air Sampling for Radiological Hazards | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Collection Device Methods for Chemicals | |
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| Introduction to Monitoring Using Sample Collection Devices | |
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| Review of the Metric System | |
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| Method Selection | |
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| Pumps and Other Sampling Equipment | |
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| Understanding the Critical Orifice | |
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| Calibration Devices | |
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| Calibration Procedures | |
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| Sample Identification and Chain of Custody | |
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| Documenting Exposure Monitoring | |
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| Performing the Exposure Monitoring | |
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| Laboratory Analysis | |
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| Voiding Samples | |
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| Examples: Calculating Air Monitoring Results | |
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| Comparing Results to Exposure Limits | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Collection Device Methods for Gases and Vapors | |
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| Active Sample Collection Device Monitoring | |
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| Passive Collectors for Gases and Vapors | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Sample Collection Device Methods for Aerosols | |
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| Characterizing Aerosols | |
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| Aerosol Collection Mechanisms | |
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| Potential Problems | |
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| Total Aerosol Samplers | |
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| Particle Size-Selective Sampling | |
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| Size-Selective Sampling Devices | |
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| Sampling for Specific Aerosols | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Concurrent Sampling for Vapors and Aerosols | |
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| Collection Methods for Semivolatile Compounds | |
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| Collection of Multiple Species: Arsenic | |
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| Combustion Processes: Cigarette Smoke Collection | |
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| Collection of Mixture | |
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| References | |
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| Real-Time Measurement Instruments | |
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| Introduction to Monitoring Using Real-Time Methods | |
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| Direct-Reading Instruments | |
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| Colorimetric Systems | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Instruments with Sensors for Specific Chemicals | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Electrochemical Sensors | |
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| Metal Oxide Sensors | |
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| Other Detection Principles | |
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| Specific Chemicals | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| General Survey Instruments for Gases and Vapors | |
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| Measurement of Explosive Atmospheres: Combustible Gas Indicators | |
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| Interpretation of Measurements of Explosive Atmospheres | |
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| Monitoring for Health Hazard Levels of Volatile Organic Compounds: FIDs and PIDs | |
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| Comparison of FID and PID for General Survey Use | |
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| Interpretation of General Survey Measurements for Health Hazards | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Instruments for Multiple Specific Gases and Vapors: GC, GC/MS, and IR | |
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| Portable Gas Chromatographs (GCs) | |
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| Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometers | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Colorimetric Systems for Gas and Vapor Sampling | |
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| Detector Tubes | |
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| Long-Term Colorimetric Tubes and Badges | |
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| Colorimetric Electronic Instruments | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Real-Time Sampling Methods for Aerosols | |
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| Light-Scattering Monitors | |
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| Particle Mass Measurements with the Piezobalance | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Monitoring for Airborne Agents Other Than Chemicals | |
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| Radon Measurements | |
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| Collection Methods for Radon and Its Progeny in Air | |
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| Collection Method for Radon in Water | |
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| Interpretation of Radon Measurements | |
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| Performing Follow-Up Measurements (After Screening) | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Sampling for Bioaerosols | |
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| Bacteria | |
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| Fungus and Molds | |
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| Viruses | |
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| Other Microorganisms | |
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| Sampling Methods and Strategies | |
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| Direct-Reading Instruments for Bioaerosols | |
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| Interpretation of Results | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Specific Sampling Applications and Supplementary Information | |
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| Specific Sampling Situations | |
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| Confined Spaces | |
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| Indoor Air Quality Investigations | |
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| Leak Testing: Fugitive Emissions Monitoring | |
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| Welding Fumes | |
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| Carbon Monoxide from Forklifts | |
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| Multiple Solvents in Printing Ink Manufacture | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Biological Monitoring | |
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| Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomonitoring | |
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| Method Selection | |
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| Interpretation of Results | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Surface Sampling Methods | |
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| Wipe Sampling | |
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| Other Surface Sampling Methods | |
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| Methods that Directly Assess Worker Exposure | |
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| Evaluating Sample Results | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Bulk Sampling Methods | |
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| Purpose | |
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| Sample Collection Strategies | |
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| Containers and Shipping | |
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| Personal Protection | |
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| Bulk Air Samples | |
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| Bulk Samples of Solid or Liquid Chemicals | |
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| Soil Sampling | |
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| Water Sampling | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Air Sampling Procedures | |
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| Dusts, Mists, and Fumes | |
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| Asbestos Fibers | |
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| Active Sampling for Organic Vapors: Adsorption Tubes | |
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| Gases and Vapors: Bubblers and Impingers | |
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| Passive Sampling for Organic Vapors: Badges or Dosimeters | |
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| Respirable Dust Using a Cyclone | |
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| Silica | |
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| Total Dust | |
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| Gasoline and Light Hydrocarbons | |
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| Welding Fumes | |
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| Benzene | |
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| Gas and Vapor Calibrations | |
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| Premixed Gases and Vapors in Cylinders | |
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| Static Calibration Mixtures | |
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| Gas Permeation Tubes | |
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| References | |
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| Field Calibration of Gas and Vapor Sensors | |
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| Setting the "Zero" Reading | |
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| Span Calibration | |
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| Some Calibration Tools | |
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| Calibrating Liquid Chemical Mixtures | |
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| Chemical-Specific Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analysis | |
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| Index | |