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| Preface | |
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| Descriptive Methods for Categorical Data | |
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| Proportions | |
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| Comparative Studies | |
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| Screening Tests | |
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| Displaying Proportions | |
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| Rates | |
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| Changes | |
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| Measures of Morbidity and Mortality | |
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| Standardization of Rates | |
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| Ratios | |
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| Relative Risk | |
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| Odds and Odds Ratio | |
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| Generalized Odds for Ordered 2 x k Tables | |
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| Mantel Haenszel Method | |
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| Standardized Mortality Ratio | |
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| Notes on Computations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Descriptive Methods for Continuous Data | |
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| Tabular and Graphical Methods | |
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| One-Way Scatter Plots | |
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| Frequency Distribution | |
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| Histogram and the Frequency Polygon | |
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| Cumulative Frequency Graph and Percentiles | |
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| Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams | |
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| Numerical Methods | |
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| Mean | |
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| Other Measures of Location | |
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| Measures of Dispersion | |
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| Box Plots | |
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| Special Case of Binary Data | |
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| Coefficients of Correlation | |
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| Pearson's Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Nonparametric Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Notes on Computations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Probability and Probability Models | |
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| Probability | |
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| Certainty of Uncertainty | |
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| Probability | |
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| Statistical Relationship | |
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| Using Screening Tests | |
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| Measuring Agreement | |
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| Normal Distribution | |
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| Shape of the Normal Curve | |
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| Areas under the Standard Normal Curve | |
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| Normal Distribution as a Probability Model | |
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| Probability Models for Continuous Data | |
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| Probability Models for Discrete Data | |
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| Binomial Distribution | |
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| Poisson Distribution | |
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| Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
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| Mean and Variance | |
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| Pair-Matched Case-Control Study | |
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| Notes on Computations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Estimation of Parameters | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Statistics as Variables | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Introduction to Confidence Estimation | |
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| Estimation of Means | |
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| Confidence Intervals for a Mean | |
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| Uses of Small Samples | |
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| Evaluation of Interventions | |
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| Estimation of Proportions | |
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| Estimation of Odds Ratios | |
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| Estimation of Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
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| Notes on Computations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Introduction to Statistical Tests of Significance | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Hypothesis Tests | |
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| Statistical Evidence | |
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| Errors | |
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| Analogies | |
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| Trials by Jury | |
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| Medical Screening Tests | |
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| Common Expectations | |
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| Summaries and Conclusions | |
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| Rejection Region | |
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| p Values | |
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| Relationship to Confidence Intervals | |
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| Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| More about Errors and p Values | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Comparison of Population Proportions | |
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| One-Sample Problem with Binary Data | |
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| Analysis of Pair-Matched Data | |
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| Comparison of Two Proportions | |
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| Mantel-Haenszel Method | |
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| Inferences for General Two-Way Tables | |
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| Fisher's Exact Test | |
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| Ordered 2 x k Contingency Tables | |
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| Notes on Computations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Comparison of Population Means | |
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| One-Sample Problem with Continuous Data | |
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| Analysis of Pair-Matched Data | |
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| Comparison of Two Means | |
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| Nonparametric Methods | |
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| Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test | |
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| Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
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| One-Way Analysis of Variance | |
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| Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
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| Notes on Computations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Correlation and Regression | |
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| Simple Regression Analysis | |
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| Simple Linear Regression Model | |
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| Scatter Diagram | |
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| Meaning of Regression Parameters | |
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| Estimation of Parameters | |
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| Testing for Independence | |
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| Analysis-of-Variance Approach | |
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| Multiple Regression Analysis | |
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| Regression Model with Several Independent Variables | |
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| Meaning of Regression Parameters | |
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| Effect Modifications | |
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| Polynomial Regression | |
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| Estimation of Parameters | |
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| Analysis-of-Variance Approach | |
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| Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Linear Regression | |
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| Notes on Computations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Logistic Regression | |
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| Simple Regression Analysis | |
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| Simple Logistic Regression Model | |
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| Measure of Association | |
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| Effect of Measurement Scale | |
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| Tests of Association | |
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| Use of the Logistic Model for Different Designs | |
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| Overdispersion | |
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| Multiple Regression Analysis | |
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| Logistic Regression Model with Several Covariates | |
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| Effect Modifications | |
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| Polynomial Regression | |
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| Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Logistic Regression | |
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| Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve | |
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| ROC Curve and Logistic Regression | |
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| Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Methods for Count Data | |
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| Poisson Distribution | |
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| Testing Goodness of Fit | |
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| Poisson Regression Model | |
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| Simple Regression Analysis | |
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| Multiple Regression Analysis | |
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| Overdispersion | |
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| Stepwise Regression | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Analysis of Survival Data and Data from Matched Studies | |
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| Survival Data | |
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| Introductory Survival Analyses | |
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| Kaplan Meier Curve | |
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| Comparison of Survival Distributions | |
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| Simple Regression and Correlation | |
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| Model and Approach | |
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| Measures of Association | |
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| Tests of Association | |
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| Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
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| Proportional Hazards Model with Several Covariates | |
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| Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Regression | |
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| Time-Dependent Covariates and Applications | |
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| Pair-Matched Case-Control Studies | |
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| Model | |
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| Analysis | |
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| Multiple Matching | |
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| Conditional Approach | |
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| Estimation of the Odds Ratio | |
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| Testing for Exposure Effect | |
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| Conditional Logistic Regression | |
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| Simple Regression Analysis | |
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| Multiple Regression Analysis | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Study Designs | |
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| Types of Study Designs | |
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| Classification of Clinical Trials | |
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| Designing Phase I Cancer Trials | |
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| Sample Size Determination for Phase II Trials and Surveys | |
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| Sample Sizes for Other Phase II Trials | |
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| Continuous Endpoints | |
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| Correlation Endpoints | |
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| About Simon's Two-Stage Phase II Design | |
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| Phase II Designs for Selection | |
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| Continuous Endpoints | |
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| Binary Endpoints | |
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| Toxicity Monitoring in Phase II Trials | |
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| Sample Size Determination for Phase III Trials | |
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| Comparison of Two Means | |
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| Comparison of Two Proportions | |
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| Survival Time as the Endpoint | |
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| Sample Size Determination for Case-Control Studies | |
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| Unmatched Designs for a Binary Exposure | |
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| Matched Designs for a Binary Exposure | |
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| Unmatched Designs for a Continuous Exposure | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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| Index | |