| |
| |
| List of Tables and Figures | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Fourth Edition: Why you Should Read this Book - or Not | |
| |
| |
| Foreword to the Third Edition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Third Edition | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Second Edition | |
| |
| |
| Foreword to the First Edition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preface to the First Edition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overture | |
| |
| |
| |
| What (And What Good) Is Flow Cytometry? | |
| |
| |
| Tasks and Techniques of Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| Some Notable Applications | |
| |
| |
| What is Measured: Parameters and Probes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beginnings: Microscopy And Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| A Little Light Music | |
| |
| |
| Making Mountains out of Molehills: Microscopy | |
| |
| |
| Why Cytometry? Motivation and Machinery | |
| |
| |
| Flow Cytometry and Sorting: Why and How | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problem Number One: Finding The Cell(s) | |
| |
| |
| Flow Cytometry: Quick on the Trigger | |
| |
| |
| The Main Event | |
| |
| |
| The Pulse Quickens, the Plot Thickens | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Cytometry: Problems, Parameters, Probes, and Principles | |
| |
| |
| Counting Cells: Precision I (Mean, S.D., CV) | |
| |
| |
| And Now to See with Eye Serene the Very Pulse of the Machine: Display, Digitization, and Distributions | |
| |
| |
| DNA Content Analysis: Precision II (Variance) | |
| |
| |
| Two-Parameter Displays: Dot Plots and Histograms | |
| |
| |
| Identifying Cells in Heterogeneous Populations: Lift Up Your Heads, Oh Ye Gates! | |
| |
| |
| Sorting Sorting Out | |
| |
| |
| Parameters and Probes II: What is Measured and Why | |
| |
| |
| |
| What's In the Box: Flow Cytometer Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology | |
| |
| |
| Light Sources for Microscopy and Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| Instrument Configurations: The Orthogonal Geometry | |
| |
| |
| Laser Beam Geometry and Illumination Optics | |
| |
| |
| Flow Chamber and Forward Scatter Collection Optics | |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence and Orthogonal Scatter Optics | |
| |
| |
| Optical Filters for Spectral Separation | |
| |
| |
| Multistation Flow Cytometers | |
| |
| |
| Photomultipliers and Detector Electronics | |
| |
| |
| Putting the Flow in Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| Signal Processing Electronics | |
| |
| |
| Is It Bigger than a Breadbox? | |
| |
| |
| Flow Cytometer Pathology and Diagnostics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternatives to Flow Cytometry; Cytometer Ecology | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Rest Of The Book | |
| |
| |
| Lis(z)t Mode | |
| |
| |
| |
| Learning Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| Learning from History: Take One | |
| |
| |
| Who Should Read this Book? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Information Sources and Resources | |
| |
| |
| Books on Flow Cytometry in General | |
| |
| |
| Books on Flow Cytometric Methodology and Protocols | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Flow Cytometry Books | |
| |
| |
| Other Flow Cytometry Books | |
| |
| |
| Flow's Golden Oldies | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reader's Guide To Periodical Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resources And Courses | |
| |
| |
| Flow Cytometer Manufacturers | |
| |
| |
| The International Society for Analytical Cytology | |
| |
| |
| The Clinical Cytometry Society | |
| |
| |
| The National Flow Cytometry Resource | |
| |
| |
| "The Annual Courses" and Others | |
| |
| |
| Other Societies and Programs | |
| |
| |
| The Purdue Mailing List, Web Site, and CD-ROMs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploring The Foundations | |
| |
| |
| Optics and Microscopy | |
| |
| |
| Electronics | |
| |
| |
| Computers: Hardware and Software | |
| |
| |
| Digital Signal Processing | |
| |
| |
| Data Presentation and Display | |
| |
| |
| Spectroscopy, Fluorescence and Dye Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| Cell and Molecular Biology and Immunology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternatives To Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| |
| History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ancient History | |
| |
| |
| Flow Cytometry: Conception and Birth | |
| |
| |
| Staining Before and After Paul Ehrlich | |
| |
| |
| Origins of Modern Microscopy | |
| |
| |
| Making Cytology Quantitative: Caspersson et al | |
| |
| |
| Origins of Cancer Cytology: The Pap Smear | |
| |
| |
| The Fluorescent Antibody Method | |
| |
| |
| Blood Cell Counting: Theory and Practice | |
| |
| |
| Video and Electron Microscopy | |
| |
| |
| Optical Cell Counters and the Coulter Orifice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classical History | |
| |
| |
| Analytical Cytology in the 1950's | |
| |
| |
| The Cytoanalyzer | |
| |
| |
| Acridine Orange as an RNA Stain: Round One | |
| |
| |
| How I Got Into this Mess | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Computers | |
| |
| |
| Computers in Diagnosis: A Central Problem | |
| |
| |
| Diagnosis and Classification: Statistical Methods | |
| |
| |
| Cytology Automation in the 1960's | |
| |
| |
| First Steps toward Automated Differentials | |
| |
| |
| Pattern Recognition Tasks in Cell Identification | |
| |
| |
| Differential Leukocyte Counting: An Early Flow Systems Approach | |
| |
| |
| Kamentsky's Rapid Cell Spectrophotometer | |
| |
| |
| Fulwyler's Cell Sorter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modern History | |
| |
| |
| Cell Cycle Analysis: Scanning versus Flow Systems | |
| |
| |
| Cancer Cytology: Scanning versus Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| Early Commercial Flow Cytometers | |
| |
| |
| Not Quite Commercial: The Block Projects | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Flow Cytometers in the 1970's | |
| |
| |
| Dog Days: The Genesis of Cytomutts | |
| |
| |
| The 1980's: Little Things Mean a Lot | |
| |
| |
| Measurements in the Main Stream | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Uses of Fluorescence Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| The End of History? | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Flow Cytometers Work | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light and Matter | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Photometry versus Radiometry: What's in a Name? | |
| |
| |
| Physical Measurement Units | |
| |
| |
| Light in Different Lights | |
| |
| |
| It's All Done With Photons | |
| |
| |
| A Few Warm Bodies | |
| |
| |
| Polarization and Phase; Interference | |
| |
| |
| Light Meets Matter: Rayleigh and Mie Scattering | |
| |
| |
| A Time for Reflection-and Refraction: Snell's Law | |
| |
| |
| Polarization by Reflection; Brewster's Angle | |
| |
| |
| Dispersion: Glass Walls May Well a Prism Make | |
| |
| |
| Interference in Thin Films | |
| |
| |
| Interference and Diffraction; Gratings | |
| |
| |
| Optical Activity and Birefringence | |
| |
| |
| Matter Eats Light: Absorption | |
| |
| |
| Absorption: Counting the Calories | |
| |
| |
| A Selective Diet | |
| |
| |
| The Chance of a Lifetime | |
| |
| |
| Spinning a Tale of Degeneracy | |
| |
| |
| Facing Extinction: Cross Section and Optical Density | |
| |
| |
| Unexciting Times: Emigrating from the Excited States | |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence: Working the Stokes Shift | |
| |
| |
| Phosphorescence | |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence Polarization | |
| |
| |
| Stimulated Emission | |
| |
| |
| Resonance Energy Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Quenching, Bleaching, and Photon Saturation | |
| |
| |
| Quantum Flotsam and Jetsam | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Systems | |
| |
| |
| Light Propagation and Vergence | |
| |
| |
| Image Formation by Optical Systems: Magnification | |
| |
| |
| Lens Types and Lens Aberrations | |
| |
| |
| Numerical Aperture and Lens Performance | |
| |
| |
| Gradient Index, Fresnel, and Cylindrical Lenses | |
| |
| |
| The Helmholtz Invariant and Throughput | |
| |
| |
| Photons in Lenses: See How They Run | |
| |
| |
| Aperture and Field Stops: The f Number | |
| |
| |
| Depth of Field and Focus and Resolution of Lenses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light Sources | |
| |
| |
| The Best and the Brightest | |
| |
| |
| Harc, Harc, the Arc! | |
| |
| |
| Quartz Halogen Lamps | |
| |
| |
| Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) | |
| |
| |
| Illumination Optics for Lamps and LEDs | |
| |
| |
| Arc Source Epiillumination for Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| Lasers as Light Sources for Flow Cytometers | |
| |
| |
| Laser Illumination: Going to Spot | |
| |
| |
| Shedding Light on Cells: Lasers, Lamps, and LEDs | |
| |
| |
| Lasers: The Basic Physics | |
| |
| |
| Lasers Used and Usable in Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| Laser and Light Source Noise and Noise Compensation | |
| |
| |
| Danger!!! Laser!!! Hazards and Haze | |
| |
| |
| |
| Light Collection | |
| |
| |
| Microscope Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Looking at the Observation Point | |
| |
| |
| Stops versus Blockers | |
| |
| |
| Signal versus Noise: To See or Not to See | |
| |
| |
| Spectral Selection: Monochromators versus Filters | |
| |
| |
| Neutral Density Filters | |
| |
| |
| Beamsplitters; Ghosts and Ghostbusters | |
| |
| |
| Optics for Polarization Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Tunable Filters | |
| |
| |
| Fiber Optics and Optical Waveguides | |
| |
| |
| Through a Glass Darkly: Light Lost (and Found) in Optical Components | |
| |
| |
| Collection Optics for Forward Scatter Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detectors | |
| |
| |
| Silicon Photodiodes | |
| |
| |
| Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) | |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity Training: Photodiode versus PMT | |
| |
| |
| Single Photon Counting | |
| |
| |
| Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) | |
| |
| |
| PMTs: Picking a Winner | |
| |
| |
| Photomultipliers: Inexact Science | |
| |
| |
| Charge Transfer Devices: CCDs, CIDs, Etc. | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Systems | |
| |
| |
| Flow System Basics | |
| |
| |
| When You've a Jet | |
| |
| |
| Core and Sheath: Practical Details | |
| |
| |
| Grace Under Pressure: Driving the Sheath and Core | |
| |
| |
| Perfect Timing: Fluidics for Kinetic Experiments | |
| |
| |
| Oriented and Disoriented Cells | |
| |
| |
| Matchmaker, Matchmaker, Make Me a(n) Index Match! | |
| |
| |
| Flow Unsheathed | |
| |
| |
| Flow Systems: Garbage In, Garbage Out | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electronic Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Electricity and Electronics 101 | |
| |
| |
| The Coulter Principle: Electronic Cell Sizing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analog Signal Processing | |
| |
| |
| Beam Geometry and Pulse Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Electronics 102: Real Live Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Detector Preamplifiers and Baseline Restoration | |
| |
| |
| Analog Pulse Processing: Front Ends and Triggering | |
| |
| |
| Dead Times, Doublets, and Problem Pulses | |
| |
| |
| Trigger Happy? | |
| |
| |
| Analog Linear, Log and Ratio Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Signal Processing | |
| |
| |
| Analog-to-Digital Conversion | |
| |
| |
| Digital Pulse Processing and DSP Chips | |
| |
| |
| Digitization: Tying it All Together | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance: Precision, Sensitivity, and Accuracy | |
| |
| |
| Precision; Coefficient of Variation (CV) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Minimum Detectable Signal | |
| |
| |
| |
| MESF Units | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linearity and Nonlinearity | |
| |
| |
| |
| What's All the Noise About? | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Photons Give Better Precision | |
| |
| |
| |
| Background Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrons Have Statistics, Too | |
| |
| |
| Source Noise Fluctuations and Performance | |
| |
| |
| I Blurred It Through the Baseline | |
| |
| |
| Restoration Comedy: The Case of the Disappearing Leukocytes | |
| |
| |
| Top 40 Noise Sources | |
| |
| |
| Sensitivity 007: Q and B (Dye Another Day?) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Goals and Methods in Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Cell Counting | |
| |
| |
| Characterization of Pure Cell Populations | |
| |
| |
| Identification of Cells in Mixed Populations | |
| |
| |
| Characterization of Cell Subpopulations | |
| |
| |
| Data Analysis Hardware and Software Evolve | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computer Systems for Flow Cytometry | |
| |
| |
| The Beginning | |
| |
| |
| The End of the Beginning | |
| |
| |
| Data Rates and Data Acquisition Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Primary Data: Frequency Distributions | |
| |
| |
| You Say You Want a Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Distributions Have Their Moments | |
| |
| |
| Some Features of the Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Central Tendency: Arithmetic and Geometric Means, Median, and Mode | |
| |
| |
| Measures of Dispersion: Variance, Standard Deviation, CV, and Interquartile Range | |
| |
| |
| Robustness in Statistics; the Robust CV | |
| |
| |
| Calculating and Displaying Histograms | |
| |
| |
| Bivariate and Multivariate Distributions and Displays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compensating Without Decompensating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dealing With the Data | |
| |
| |
| Comparing and Analyzing Univariate Histograms | |
| |
| |
| Deconvoluting Single-Parameter Histograms | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Two-Parameter Data | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Two-Parameter Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiparameter Data Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Multiparameter versus Multivariate Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Multiparameter Analysis of Leukocyte Types: 1974 | |
| |
| |
| Multiparameter Analysis of Leukocyte Types: 2002 | |
| |
| |
| Procedures for Automated Classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Collected Data: How Much Is Enough/Too Much? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Analysis Odds and Ends | |
| |
| |
| Data Storage | |
| |
| |
| Linear and Log Scales and Ratios: Proceed with Care! | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Sorting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sort Control (Decision) Logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preselected Count Circuits and Single Cell Sorting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Droplet Sorting, High-Speed and Low | |
| |
| |
| Droplet Generation | |
| |
| |
| Drop Charging and Deflection | |
| |
| |
| Determining Droplet Delay Settings | |
| |
| |
| Transducers and Transducer Drive Signals | |
| |
| |
| Improving Droplet Sorting | |
| |
| |
| Sorting Large Objects with Droplet Sorters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluidic Switching Cell Sorters | |
| |
| |
| Sorting Large Objects Using Fluidic Switching | |
| |
| |
| Sorting Very Small Objects: Microfluidic Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell Manipulation By Optical Trapping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell Damage Cell Selection ("Cell Zapping") | |
| |
| |
| Photodamage Cell Selection | |
| |
| |
| Sorting (Zapping) Without Flow (Gasp!) | |
| |
| |
| Electrodamage Cell Selection in Flow | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measures of Cell Sorter Performance: Purity, Recovery (Yield), and Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| Coincidence Effects on Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Doing the Math | |
| |
| |
| Speed Limits: The Reynolds Rap | |
| |
| |
| Instrument Utilization | |
| |
| |
| Monitoring versus Sorting for Cell Preparation | |
| |
| |
| Collection Techniques: Life and Death Decisions | |
| |
| |
| Dilutions of Grandeur | |
| |
| |
| Can Getting Sorted Be Hazardous to Cells' Health? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biohazard Control and Biosafety in Flow Cytometers and Sorters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parameters and Probes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Parameters and Their Uses | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Acoustic Measurements of Cells in Flow | |
| |
| |
| Optical Parameters: Light Scattering | |
| |
| |
| Optical Parameters: Absorption | |
| |
| |
| Optical Parameters: Extinction | |
| |
| |
| Other Transmitted Light Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Optical Parameters: Fluorescence | |
| |
| |
| Optical Parameters: Fluorescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intrinsic Cellular Parameters | |
| |
| |
| Cell Size | |
| |
| |
| Cell Shape and Doublet Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Measurement of Intrinsic Parameters Using Absorption and Extinction Signals | |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence Measurement of Intrinsic Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Probes, Labels, and [Not] Protocols for Extrinsic Parameter Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Probes, Labels, and Dyes | |
| |
| |
| Dyes and Quality Control: Gorillas in the NIST | |
| |
| |
| The Dyes are Cast: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Staining by Fluorescent Dyes | |
| |
| |
| "Vital" Staining | |
| |
| |
| Fixation--Why and How | |
| |
| |
| Red Blood Cell Lysis: The Distilled Essence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nucleic Acid Dyes and Their Uses | |
| |
| |
| DNA Content Measurement | |
| |
| |
| DNA Base Composition | |
| |
| |
| Chromatin Structure; Identifying Cells in Mitosis | |
| |
| |
| RNA Content | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluorescent Labels and Protein Dyes | |
| |
| |
| Estimating Total and Basic Protein Content of Cells | |
| |
| |
| Covalent Labels for Antibodies and Other Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Future Tandems: Heterocycles Built for Two? | |
| |
| |
| Cyanine Dye Labels: From Cy-Fi to Hi5 for Cy5 | |
| |
| |
| Blue Notes: AMCA and Cascade Blue | |
| |
| |
| Hey, BODIPY! | |
| |
| |
| Alexa Dyes: Some Thoughts on Dyemographics | |
| |
| |
| Other Organic Fluorescent Labels: A Dye Named Joe, etc. | |
| |
| |
| Quantum Dots | |
| |
| |
| Getting Labels Onto Molecules of Interest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improving Signals from Labels: Amplification and Other Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Limits to Sensitivity: Autofluorescence | |
| |
| |
| Raman Scattering Effects on Sensitivity | |
| |
| |
| Increasing Sensitivity: Amplification Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Improving Sensitivity: Time-Resolved Fluorescence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measuring Cell Surface and Intracellular Antigens | |
| |
| |
| History and Background | |
| |
| |
| Antibody Reagents and Staining Procedures | |
| |
| |
| Fluorescence Measurements: Lurching Toward Quantitation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nucleic Acid Sequence Detection | |
| |
| |
| Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Probes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Probes for Various Cell Constituents | |
| |
| |
| Surface Sugars (Lectin Binding Sites | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Total Carbohydrate Content | |
| |
| |
| Specific Detection of Cellulose | |
| |
| |
| A Probe for Cell Surface Aldehydes | |
| |
| |
| Probes for Lipids and Cholesterol | |
| |
| |
| Probes for Cytoskeletal Organization/Actins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time as a Parameter: Kinetic Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Sample Handling for Kinetic Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Time as a Quality Control Parameter | |
| |
| |
| Slooowww Flooowww | |
| |
| |
| |
| Labeled Ligand Binding | |
| |
| |
| Labeling Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Formal Analysis of Ligand binding | |
| |
| |
| Labeled Ligands versus Anti-Receptor Antibodies | |
| |
| |
| Ligand Binding Detected by Functional Changes | |
| |
| |
| Fluorescent Ligand Binding: Some Examples | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Parameters I | |
| |
| |
| Cell Surface Charge | |
| |
| |
| Cell Membrane Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| Enzyme Activity | |
| |
| |
| Sulfhydryl (Thiol) Groups; Glutathione | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Probes II: Indicators of Cell Activation | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Changes in the Cellular Ionic Environment Following Activation by Ligand Interaction with Cell Surface Receptors | |
| |
| |
| "Structuredness of Cytoplasmic Matrix" (SCM) and the Cercek Test for Cancer | |
| |
| |
| Optical Probes of Cell Membrane Potential | |
| |
| |
| Optical Probes of Intracellular Calcium | |
| |
| |
| Flow Cytometric Probes of Intracellular pH | |
| |
| |
| The Hat Trick: Multiparameter Approaches to Ion Flux Measurements in Cell Activation | |
| |
| |
| NOsing Around for Nitric Oxide | |
| |
| |
| Other Ions in the Fire | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reporter Genes | |
| |
| |
| Somebody Cloned My Gal: Enzymes as Reporter Genes | |
| |
| |
| Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) et al | |
| |
| |
| Minority Report(er)? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buying Flow Cytometers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| History | |
| |
| |
| |
| BD Biosciences | |
| |
| |
| Background | |
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| The BD FACS Vantage SE Cell Sorter | |
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| The BD FACSCalibur Analyzer | |
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| The B-D LSR II Analyzer | |
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| The B-D FACSAria Cell Sorter | |
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| The B-D FACSCount | |
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| Beckman Coulter, Inc. | |
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| Background--and Signal-to-Background | |
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| The Beckman Coulter EPICS ALTRA Cell Sorter | |
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| The Beckman Coulter Cytomics FC 500 Analyzer | |
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| The EPICS XL and XL-MCL Analyzers | |
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| DakoCytomation | |
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| Background | |
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| The MoFlo Cell Sorter | |
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| The CyAn Flow Cytometer | |
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| Cytopeia | |
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| The InFlux Cell Sorter | |
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| Optoflow AS | |
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| Background | |
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| The MICROCYTE Flow Cytometer | |
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| Partec GmbH | |
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| Background | |
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| The CyFlow and CyFlow ML Flow Cytometers | |
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| The PAS, PAS II, and PAS III Flow Cytometers | |
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| PA Ploidy Analyzer and CCA Cell Counter Analyzer | |
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| Some Other Flow Cytometer Companies | |
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| Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc. (AATI) | |
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| Agilent Technologies, Inc. | |
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| Apogee Flow Systems Ltd. | |
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| Bentley Instruments | |
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| Chemunex SA | |
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| CytoBuoy b.v. | |
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| Delta Instruments bv | |
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| Fluid Imaging Technologies, Inc. | |
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| FOSS Electric A/S | |
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| Guava Technologies, Inc. | |
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| Howard M. Shapiro, M.D., P.C. | |
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| iCyt--Visionary Bioscience | |
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| International Remote Imaging Systems | |
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| Luminex Corporation | |
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| NPE Systems, Inc. | |
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| Union Biometrica, Inc. | |
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| Hematology Instruments, Etc. | |
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| Little Orphan Analyzers (And Big Orphan Sorters) | |
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| Bio/Physics and Ortho: Cytofluorograf to Cytoron | |
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| HEKA Elektronik GMBH: The FLUVO II Analyzer | |
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| The Kratel Partograph | |
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| The ODAM ATC 3000 | |
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| Also Among the Missing | |
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| Flow Cytometer Rehabilitation; Used Instruments | |
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| Following Suit | |
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| Third Party Software | |
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| The Selling of Flow Cytometers: Hype and Reality | |
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| Applying for a Grant for a Cytometer | |
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| Building Flow Cytometers | |
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| Why Buy a Flow Cytometer? | |
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| Why Build a Flow Cytometer? | |
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| Learning to Build Your Own | |
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| Using Flow Cytometers: Applications, Extensions, and Alternatives | |
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| The Daily Grind | |
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| Keeping the Instrument Running: Diet and Exercise | |
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| Particulars: Drawing a Bead on Flow Cytometer Alignment, Calibration, and Standardization | |
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| Rose Colored Glasses: Optical Filter Selection | |
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| Experimental Controls | |
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| Shake Well Before Using: When Controls Won't Help | |
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| Significant Events in the Lives of Cells | |
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| Taking the Census: Cell Counting | |
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| The Doubled Helix: Reproduction | |
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| Memento Mori: Detecting Cell Death | |
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| Die Another Day: Cytometry of Telomeres | |
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| Identification of Cells in Mixed Populations | |
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| Mixed Genotypes versus Mixed Phenotypes | |
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| No Parameter Identifies Cancer Cells | |
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| Many Parameters Identify Blood Cells | |
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| Flow Cytometric Parameters Useful for Blood Cells | |
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| Specific Gene Products Identify Cell Types | |
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| Maturation Processes and "Missing Links": The "Ginger Root" Model | |
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| Practical Multiparameter Gating: Color Wars | |
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| Finding Rare Cells | |
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| Tricks and Twists: Odd Jobs for Flow Cytometry | |
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| Single Molecule Detection | |
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| DNA Sizing, if not Sequencing, in Flow | |
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| Solid Phase (Bead) Assays Using Flow Cytometry | |
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| Cells in Gel Microdroplets and on Microspheres | |
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| Single Cell Analysis: When Flow Won't Do | |
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| Applications of Flow Cytometry | |
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| Cell Differentiation, Ab Ovo and De Novo | |
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| Somatic Cell Genetics and Cell Hybridization | |
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| Chromosome Analysis and Sorting and Flow Karyotyping | |
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| Probing Details of Cellular Structures and Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions | |
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| Clinical Flow Cytometry: Turf and Surf | |
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| Hematology | |
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| Immunology | |
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| Cancer Biology and Clinical Oncology | |
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| Analysis of Sperm | |
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| Isolating Fetal Cells from the Maternal Circulation for Prenatal Diagnosis | |
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| The March of Time: Circadian Rhythms, Aging, and Atherosclerosis | |
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| Clinical Application: Urine Analysis | |
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| The Animal Kingdom | |
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| Big Stuff, Vegetable, Animal or Mineral | |
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| Flow Cytometry of Plant Cells and Chromosomes | |
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| Microbiology, Parasitology and Marine Biology | |
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| Pharmacology and Toxicology | |
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| Food Science | |
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| Biotechniques and Biotechnology | |
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| Alternatives: Microfluidic Cytometers, Flow and Static | |
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| Cytometry Afield | |
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| Sources of Supply | |
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| Resources, Societies, Journals | |
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| Optical Supply Houses | |
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| Probes and Reagents | |
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| Calibration Particles/Cytometry Controls | |
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| Flow Cytometers | |
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| Hematology Instruments | |
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| Data Analysis Software/Systems | |
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| Hardware and Software | |
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| Commercial Software Sources | |
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| Noncommercial Software Sources | |
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| Cytometer Rehabilitation/Add-ons | |
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| Flow Cytometer Parts | |
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| Flow System Plumbing | |
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| Photodetectors | |
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| DC-DC Converter Modules for HV Power Supplies | |
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| Power Supplies (Low Voltage) | |
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| Other Electronics | |
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| Lasers | |
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| Laser Trade Publications | |
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| Laser Manufacturers | |
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| Optical Filters | |
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| Color Glass Filters | |
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| Interference Filters | |
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| Neutral Density Filters | |
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| Polarizing Filters and Optics | |
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| Tunable Filters | |
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| Aids to Troubleshooting Flow Cytometers When All Else Fails | |
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| Proficiency Testing | |
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| Sex Selection | |
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| Alternative Technology | |
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| Afterword | |
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| Dotting i's and Crossing t's | |
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| Late Breaking News | |
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| New Book | |
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| New Protein Stain | |
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| Caveat on Fluorescent Caspase Inhibitors | |
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| Polyamide Probes | |
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| Tearing Down the (Picket) Fences | |
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| New Instrument: The BD FACSArray | |
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| Science Special Section: Biological Imaging | |
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| Cytomics in Predictive Medicine: a Clinical Cytometry Special Issue and Other Recent Citings and Sightings | |
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| Analytical Biology, Such as it Isn't: Is This Any Way to Run a Science? | |
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| Colophon | |
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| Unfinished Business | |
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| AIDS and Infectious Disease in the Third World | |
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| A Center for Microbial Cytometry | |
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| A Nobel Prize for Herzenberg and Kamentsky? | |
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| Flow and the Human Condition | |
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| There's No Business Like Flow Business | |
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| One More Thing | |