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Preface | |
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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Atomic Structure and Radioactive Decay | |
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Objectives | |
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Composition of Matter | |
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Radioactive Decay | |
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Types of Radioactive Decay | |
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Radioactive Equilibrium | |
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Natural Radioactivity and Decay Series | |
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Artificial Production of Radionuclides | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Production of X Rays | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Scattering of Electrons by Electrons | |
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Scattering of Electrons by Nuclei | |
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History of X Rays | |
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Conventional X-Ray Tubes | |
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X-Ray Spectra | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Interactions of X Rays and Gamma Rays | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Attenuation of X Rays and Gamma Rays | |
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X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Interactions | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Radiation Units | |
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Objectives | |
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Low-Energy X-Ray Units | |
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Isotope Teletherapy Units | |
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Linear Accelerators | |
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Other Medical Accelerators | |
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Simulators | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Measurement of Ionizing Radiation | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Radiation Intensity | |
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Radiation Exposure | |
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Measurement of Radiation Exposure | |
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Radiation Dose | |
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Measurement of Radiation Dose | |
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Absorbed Dose Measurements with an Ionization Chamber | |
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Dose Equivalent | |
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Radiation Quality | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Calibration of Megavoltage Beams of X Rays and Electrons | |
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Objectives | |
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Calibration Standards and Laboratories | |
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Calibration of Low-Energy X-Ray Beams | |
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Calibration of Megavoltage Beams--The AAPM Protocol | |
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The Iaea Calibration Protocol | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Dosimetry of Radiation Fields | |
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Objectives | |
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Percent Depth Dose | |
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Tables of Percent Depth Dose | |
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Tissue/Air Ratio | |
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Dose Computations for Rotational Therapy | |
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Backscatter | |
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Scatter/Air Ratio | |
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Tissue/Phantom Ratio | |
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Isodose Curves | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Treatment Planning by Manual Methods | |
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Objectives | |
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Point Dose Calculations | |
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Treatment at Standard SSD | |
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Treatment Under Isocentric Conditions | |
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Isodose Distributions for Multiple Fields | |
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Dose Calculations for Irregular Fields | |
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Oblique Incidence and Irregular Beam Surface | |
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Corrections for Oblique Incidence and Surface Irregularity | |
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Effects of Tissue Inhomogeneities | |
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Correction for the Presence of Inhomogeneities | |
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Separation of Adjacent Fields | |
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Integral Dose | |
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Dose Specification for External Beam Therapy | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Diagnostic Imaging and Applications to Radiation Therapy | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Radiography | |
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Fluoroscopy | |
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Treatment Simulators | |
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Computed Tomography | |
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Ultrasonography | |
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Nuclear Medicine | |
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Emission Computed Tomography | |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Computer Systems | |
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Objectives | |
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History of Computers | |
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Terminology and Data Representation | |
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Conversion from One System to Another | |
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Bits, Bytes, and Words | |
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Representation of Data | |
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Computer Architecture | |
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Computer Software | |
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Programming Languages | |
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Networking | |
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Computer Requirements for Treatment Planning | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Computer-Based Treatment Planning | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Beam Data Entry | |
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Patient Data Entry | |
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Virtual Simulation Techniques | |
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Immobilization and Localization | |
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Photon Beam Computational Algorithms | |
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The Analytical Method | |
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Matrix Techniques | |
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Semiempirical Methods | |
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Electron Beam Computational Algorithms | |
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Selection of Ideal Treatment Plan | |
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Biological Modeling | |
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Forward Planning | |
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Inverse Planning | |
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Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy | |
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Dynamic Delivery Techniques | |
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Tomotherapy | |
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Treatment Planning Challenges | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Sources for Implant Therapy | |
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Objectives | |
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Radium Sources | |
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Specification of Brachytherapy Sources | |
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Radium Substitutes | |
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Ophthalmic Irradiators | |
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Implantable Neutron Sources | |
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Radiation Safety of Brachytherapy Sources | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Brachytherapy Treatment Planning | |
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Objectives | |
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Radiation Dose from Brachytherapy Sources | |
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Sievert Integral | |
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Isodose Distributions from Individual Sealed Sources | |
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Design of Implants | |
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Distribution Rules for Interstitial Implants | |
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Air-Kerma Strength Calculation | |
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Dose over Treatment Duration | |
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Plaques | |
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Remote Afterloading | |
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Radiographic Localization of Implants | |
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Three-Dimensional Image-Based Implants | |
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Therapy with Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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Intravascular Brachytherapy | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Radiation Protection | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Effects of Radiation Exposure | |
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History of Radiation Protection Standards | |
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Current Limits on Radiation Exposure | |
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Protective Barriers for Radiation Sources | |
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Protection for Sealed Radioactive Sources | |
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Radiation Surveys | |
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Personnel Monitoring | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Quality Assurance | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Components of a Quality Assurance Program | |
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Personnel | |
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Recommended Quality Assurance Procedures | |
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Physics Instrumentation | |
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Megavoltage Treatment Equipment | |
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Quality Assurance Procedures for Radiation Therapy Simulators | |
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Ct Simulator Quality Assurance | |
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Image Quality Assurance | |
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Treatment Planning Computer | |
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Quality Assurance for Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (Imrt) | |
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Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy | |
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Brachytherapy Quality Assurance Procedures | |
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Summary | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Advances in Radiation Therapy | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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History | |
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Altered Fractionation | |
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Biological Modeling and Plan Evaluation | |
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Molecular Imaging | |
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Proton Therapy | |
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Neutron Brachytherapy | |
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Neutron Capture Therapy | |
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Neutron Beam Therapy | |
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Heavy Ion and Pion Therapy | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Index | |