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| Measured Thermodynamic Properties And Other Basic Concepts | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Thermodynamics | |
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| Preliminary Concepts-The Language of Thermo | |
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| Measured Thermodynamic Properties | |
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| Volume (Extensive or Intensive) | |
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| Temperature (intensive) | |
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| Pressure (intensive) | |
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| Equilibrium | |
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| Independent and Dependent Thermodynamic Properties | |
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| The PvT Surface and Its Projections for Pure Substances | |
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| Thermodynamic Property Tables | |
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| The Ideal Gas | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| The First Law Of Thermodynamics | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Forms of Energy | |
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| Work and Heat: Transfer of Energy Between the System and the Surroundings | |
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| Construction of Hypothetical Paths | |
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| Reversible and Irreversible Processes | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems | |
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| Integral Balances | |
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| Differential Balances | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics for Open Systems | |
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| Thermochemical Data for U and H | |
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| Heat Capacity: c[subscript v] and c[subscript P] | |
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| Latent Heats | |
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| Enthalpy of Reactions | |
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| Reversible Processes in Closed Systems | |
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| Reversible, Isothermal Expansion (Compression) | |
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| Adiabatic Expansion (Compression) with Constant Heat Capacity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Open-System Energy Balances on Process Equipment | |
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| Thermodynamic Cycles and the Carnot Cycle | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamic | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Directionality of Processes/Spontaneity | |
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| Reversible and Irreversible Processes (Revisited) and Their Relationship to Directionality | |
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| Entropy, the Thermodynamic Property | |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Other Common Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics for Closed and Open Systems | |
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| Calculation of [Delta]s for Closed Systems | |
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| Calculation of [Delta]s for an Open Systems | |
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| Calculation of [Delta]s for an Ideal Gas | |
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| The Mechanical Energy Balance and the Bernoulli Equation | |
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| Vapor-Compression Power and Refrigeration Cycles | |
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| The Rankine Cycle | |
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| The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle | |
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| Molecular View of Entropy | |
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| Maximizing Molecular Configurations over Space | |
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| Maximizing Molecular Configurations over Energy | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Equations Of State And Intermolecular Forces | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Motivation | |
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| The Ideal Gas | |
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| Intermolecular Forces | |
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| Internal (Molecular) Energy | |
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| Attractive Forces | |
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| Intermolecular Potential Functions and Repulsive Forces | |
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| Principle of Corresponding States | |
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| Chemical Forces | |
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| Equations of State | |
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| The Van Der Waals Equation of State | |
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| Cubic Equations of State | |
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| The Virial Equation of State | |
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| Equations of State for Liquids and Solids | |
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| Generalized Compressibility Charts | |
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| Determination of Parameters for Mixtures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Thermodynamic Web | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Types of Thermodynamic Properties | |
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| Thermodynamic Property Relationships | |
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| Dependent and Independent Properties | |
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| Fundamental Property Relations | |
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| Maxwell Relations | |
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| Other Useful Mathematical Relations | |
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| Using the Thermodynamic Web to Access Reported Data | |
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| Calculation of [Delta]s, [Delta]u, and [Delta]h Using Equations of State | |
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| Relation of ds in Terms of Independent Variables T and v and Independent Variables T and P | |
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| Relation of du in Terms of Independent Variables T and v | |
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| Relation of dh in Terms of Independent Variables T and P | |
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| Departure Functions | |
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| Joule-Thomson Expansion and Liquefication | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Phase Equilibria I: Problem Formulation | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pure Species Phase Equilibrium | |
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| Gibbs Energy as a Criterion for Chemical Equilibrium | |
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| Roles of Energy and Entropy in Phase Equilibria | |
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| The Relationship Between Saturation Pressure and Temperature: The Clapeyron Equation | |
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| Pure Component Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium: The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation | |
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| Thermodynamics of Mixtures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Partial Molar Properties | |
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| The Gibbs-Duhem Equation | |
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| Summary of the Different Types of Thermodynamic Properties | |
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| Property Changes of Mixing | |
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| Determination of Partial Molar Properties | |
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| Relations Among Partial Molar Quantities | |
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| Multicomponent Phase Equilibria | |
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| The Chemical Potential-The Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium | |
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| Temperature and Pressure Dependence of [mu subscript i] | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Phase Equilibria II: Fugacity | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Fugacity | |
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| Definition of Fugacity | |
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| Other Forms of Fugacity | |
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| Criteria for Chemical Equilibria in Terms of Fugacity | |
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| Fugacity in the Vapor Phase | |
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| Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient of Pure Gases | |
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| Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient of Species i in a Gas Mixture | |
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| The Lewis Fugacity Rule | |
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| Property Changes of Mixing for Ideal Gases | |
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| Fugacity in the Liquid Phase | |
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| Reference States for the Liquid Phase | |
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| Thermodynamic Relations Between [gamma subscript i] | |
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| Models for [gamma subscript i] Using g[superscript E] | |
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| Equation of State Approach to the Liquid Phase | |
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| Fugacity in the Solid Phase | |
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| Pure Solids | |
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| Solid Solutions | |
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| Interstitials and Vacancies in Crystals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Phase Equilibria III: Phase Diagrams | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) | |
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| Raoult's Law (Ideal Gas and Ideal Solution) | |
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| Nonideal Liquids | |
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| Azeotropes | |
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| Fitting Activity Coefficient Models with VLE Data | |
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| Solubility of Gases in Liquids | |
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| Liquid([alpha])-Liquid([beta]) Equilibrium: LLE | |
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| Vapor-Liquid([alpha])-Liquid([beta]) Equilibrium: VLLE | |
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| Solid-Liquid and Solid-Solid Equilibrium: SLE and SSE | |
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| Pure Solids | |
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| Solid Solutions | |
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| Colligative Properties | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Chemical Reaction Equilibria | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical Reaction and Gibbs Energy | |
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| Equilibrium for a Single Reaction | |
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| Calculation of K from Thermochemical Data | |
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| Calculation of K from Gibbs Energy of Formation | |
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| The Temperature Dependence of K | |
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| Relationship Between the Equilibrium Constant and the Concentrations of Reacting Species | |
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| The Equilibrium Constant for a Gas-Phase Reaction | |
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| The Equilibrium Constant for a Liquid-Phase (or Solid-Phase) Reaction | |
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| The Equilibrium Constant for a Heterogeneous Reaction | |
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| Equilibrium in Electrochemical Systems | |
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| Multiple Reactions | |
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| Extent of Reaction and Equilibrium Constant for R Reactions | |
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| Gibbs Phase Rule for Chemically Reacting Systems | |
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| Solution of Multiple Reaction Equilibria by Minimization of Gibbs Energy | |
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| Reaction Equilibria of Point Defects in Crystalline Solids | |
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| Atomic Defects | |
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| Electronic Defects | |
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| Effect of Gas Partial Pressure on Defect Concentrations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Physical Property Data | |
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| Critical Constants, Acentric Factors, and Antoine Coefficients | |
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| Heat Capacity Data | |
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| Enthalpy and Gibbs Energy of Formation at 298 K and 1 bar | |
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| Steam Tables | |
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| Saturated Water: Temperature Table | |
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| Saturated Water: Pressure Table | |
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| Saturated Water: Solid-Vapor | |
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| Superheated Water Vapor | |
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| Subcooled Liquid Water | |
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| Lee-Kesler Generalized Correlation Tables | |
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| Values for z[superscript (0)] | |
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| Values for z[superscript (1)] | |
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| Values for [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Values for [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Values for [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Values for [characters not reproducible] | |
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| Values for log[phi superscript (0)] | |
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| Values for log [phi superscript (1)] | |
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| Unit Systems | |
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| Common Dimensions Used in Termodynamics and Their Associated Units | |
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| Conversion Between Gaussian and SI Units | |
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| ThermoSolver Software | |
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| Software Description | |
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| Corresponding States using the Lee-Kesler Equation of State | |
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| References | |
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| Sources of Thermodynamic Data | |
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| Textbooks and Monographs | |
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| Index | |