| |
| |
Foreword | |
| |
| |
Series Preface | |
| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
Why Mass Spectrometry? | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Concepts of Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
The Nature of Mass Spectrometry Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
Ionization Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Electron Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of Electron Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Limitations of Electron Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Charge-Exchange Chemical Ionization (CECI) | |
| |
| |
| |
Mixed Chemical Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Limitations of Chemical Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Desorption Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Field Desorption | |
| |
| |
| |
Plasma Desorption Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Fast-Atom Bombardment | |
| |
| |
| |
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Spray Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermospray Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrospray Ionization | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Different Ionization Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Analysis and Ion Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
Kinetic Energy of Ions | |
| |
| |
| |
Magnetic Analyzer | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrostatic Analyzer | |
| |
| |
| |
Double-Focusing Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
Principle of Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Range | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
RF-Only quadrupole | |
| |
| |
| |
Quadrupole Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer | |
| |
| |
| |
Principle of Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
Extension of Mass Range and Resolution of an Ion Trap | |
| |
| |
| |
Coupling with ESI and MALDI Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer | |
| |
| |
| |
Principle of Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
Reflectron | |
| |
| |
| |
Orthogonal Acceleration TOF Mass Spectrometer | |
| |
| |
| |
Time-Delay Ion Extraction for Structure Elucidation Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer | |
| |
| |
| |
Principle of Operation | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Mass Analysis Capabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Mass Resolution Capability | |
| |
| |
| |
Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
A Comparison of Important Characteristics of Mass Analyzers | |
| |
| |
| |
Ion Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
Faraday Cup Detector | |
| |
| |
| |
Secondary Electron Multipliers | |
| |
| |
| |
Postacceleration Detector | |
| |
| |
| |
Low-Temperature Calorimetric Detectors for High-Mass Ions | |
| |
| |
| |
Focal Plane Detectors | |
| |
| |
| |
Tandem Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Scans | |
| |
| |
| |
Instrumentation for Tandem Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Magnetic Sector Tandem Mass Spectrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
Triple-Sector Quadrupole | |
| |
| |
| |
Hybrid Tandem Mass Spectrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Time-of-Flight Instrument | |
| |
| |
| |
Tandem Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Modes of Ion Activation | |
| |
| |
| |
Metastable Ions | |
| |
| |
| |
Collision-Induced Dissociation | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Modes of Ion Activation | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Mass Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
Definition of Molecular Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
Monoisotopic versus Average Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
Resolving Power | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometers | |
| |
| |
| |
Exact Mass Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Resolution Exact Mass Measurements by Magnetic Sector Instruments | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Resolution Exact Mass Measurements by MALDI-TOFMS | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Resolution Exact Mass Measurements by FT-ICRMS | |
| |
| |
| |
Exact Mass Measurements at Low Resolution with a Quadrupole Mass Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Measurement of Biopolymers | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Measurements of Megadalton-Sized Molecules | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Calibration Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantitative Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Calibration | |
| |
| |
| |
Internal Standard | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
Selected-Ion Monitoring | |
| |
| |
| |
Selected-Reaction Monitoring | |
| |
| |
| |
Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Nanoelectrospray Ionization for Quantitative Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Throughput LCMS and LCMSMS Analyses | |
| |
| |
| |
Validation Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Coupling of Separation Techniques with Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
General Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Mass Analyzers | |
| |
| |
| |
The Types of Mass Spectrometry Signal | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectral Data Acquisition | |
| |
| |
| |
Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Principles of Gas Chromatography | |
| |
| |
| |
Coupling of Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Principle of HPLC Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
Coupling of Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Coupling of Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface | |
| |
| |
| |
Capillary Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Principle of Capillary Electrophoresis | |
| |
| |
| |
Coupling of Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Affinity Chromatography Combined with Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Separation Techniques Combined with Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Analysis of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Biological Functions and Structures of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Traditional Biochemical Approaches | |
| |
| |
| |
A General Protocol for Determination of the Primary Structure of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Purification of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Mass Measurement of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Peptide Mapping | |
| |
| |
| |
Reduction and Carboxymethylation | |
| |
| |
| |
Cleavage of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Fractionation of Protein Digest by RP-HPLC | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Peptide Maps | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein Identification by Gel Electrophoresis--Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Gel-Separated Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein Identification by Database Searching | |
| |
| |
| |
De Novo Protein Sequencing | |
| |
| |
| |
Proteomics | |
| |
| |
| |
Automated High-throughput Analysis of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization of Mutations in Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Disulfide Bond Location in Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of the Number of Disulfide Bonds | |
| |
| |
| |
Generation of Disulfide-Containing Peptides | |
| |
| |
| |
Identification of Disulfide-Containing Peptides | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequence Verification of Disulfide-Containing Peptides | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Phosphoproteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Traditional Approaches for the Analysis of Phosphoproteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectometry Protocal for Analysis of Phosphoproteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Characterization of Peptides | |
| |
| |
| |
Traditional Approaches for Analysis of Peptides | |
| |
| |
| |
Older Mass Spectrometry Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Fragmentation Characteristics of Peptides | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization of Peptides by FABMS | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequence Determination by FAB and Conventional Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Chemical Derivatization of Peptides for FAB Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization of Peptides by ESIMS | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization of Peptides by MALDIMS | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequencing of Peptides by MALDIMS | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequence Determination by Tandem Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequence Information from a Mass Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
Study of Metal Ion Adducts | |
| |
| |
| |
De Novo Peptide Sequencing | |
| |
| |
| |
Electron Capture Dissociation | |
| |
| |
| |
Peptide Ladder Sequencing | |
| |
| |
| |
Generation of Peptide Ladders | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Glycoproteins and Oligosaccharides | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Features of Glycans and Glycoproteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Glycoproteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of the Molecular Mass of Glycoproteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Identification of the Presence, Type, and Sites of Glycosylation | |
| |
| |
| |
Release of Carbohydrate Side Chains from Glycopeptides | |
| |
| |
| |
FABMS Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
ESIMS Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
MALDIMS Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Side Chains | |
| |
| |
| |
Linkage Analysis by GCMS | |
| |
| |
| |
FABMS Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis by ESIMS and MALDIMS | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization by Molecular Mass and Database Search | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequential Digestion Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Collision-Induced Dissociation for Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates | |
| |
| |
| |
Postsource Decay for Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates | |
| |
| |
| |
Folding-Unfolding and Higher-order Structures of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Conventional Methods for Study of Conformational Changes in Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Charge-State Distribution as a Measure of Conformation of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Reactivity of Some Functional Groups as a Measure of Conformation of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydrogen Exchange as a Probe of Conformational Changes in Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Amide Hydrogen Exchange Rate as a Probe of the Protein Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Conformational Dynamics of Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Measurements of Amide Hydrogen Exchange Rates | |
| |
| |
| |
Time-Resolved Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Study of Conformational Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization for Study of Conformational Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
Peptide Mass Mapping for Study of Conformational Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
Ion Mobility Measurements for Study of Conformational Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
Investigation of Noncovalent Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Conventional Methods for Study of Noncovalent Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry-Based Approaches for Study of Noncovalent Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrospray Ionization for Study of Noncovalent Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization for Study of Noncovalent Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydrogen/Deuterium Isotope Exchange for Study of Noncovalent Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Proteolytic Cleavage for Study of Noncovalent Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of Binding Affinities | |
| |
| |
| |
Absolute Values of Binding Constants | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein Epitope Mapping | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein-Protein Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein-Peptide and Peptide-Peptide Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Protein-Small-Molecule Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Polypeptide-Metal Ion Complexes | |
| |
| |
| |
Noncovalent Complexes of Oligonucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
Noncovalent Complexes of Proteins and Oligonucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
Structure Determination of Lipids and Glycolipids | |
| |
| |
| |
A General View of Lipid Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Fatty Acids and Glycerides | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phospholipids | |
| |
| |
| |
Fast-Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phospholipids | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry of Phospholipids | |
| |
| |
| |
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry of Phospholipids | |
| |
| |
| |
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Phospholipids | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry of Glycolipids | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry of Lipopolysaccharides | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Steroids | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Prostaglandins | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Leukotrienes | |
| |
| |
| |
Screening Combinatorial Libraries | |
| |
| |
| |
Combinatorial Synthetic Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
General Considerations in Analysis of Combinatorial Libraries | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Support-Bound Libraries | |
| |
| |
| |
High-throughput Screening Protocols | |
| |
| |
| |
Screening of Combinatorial Libraries | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization of Oligonucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
Traditional Methods of Oligonucleotide Sequencing | |
| |
| |
| |
Older Mass Spectrometry Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Degradation of Nucleic Acids and Oligonucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
Molecular Mass Determination of Oligonucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrospray Ionization for Molecular Mass Determination | |
| |
| |
| |
MALDI for Molecular Mass Determination | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of ESIMS and MALDIMS for Analysis of Oligonucleotides | |
| |
| |
| |
Base Composition from Mass Measurement | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequencing of Nucleic Acids by Mass Spectrometry Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Gas-Phase Sequencing Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Sequencing Methods Based on Solution-Phase Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Applications to Real-World Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Immunologic Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Biological Tissues | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct Analysis of Peptides in Single Neurons | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct Analysis of Peptides and Proteins from Biological Tissues | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct Analysis of Single Mast Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Clinical Applications of Mass Spectrometry | |
| |
| |
| |
Detection of Mutation of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene | |
| |
| |
| |
Detection of Transthyretin Mutants | |
| |
| |
| |
Characterization of Hemoglobin Variants | |
| |
| |
| |
Detection of Enzyme-Deficiency Diseases | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Spectrometry in Detection of Cachexia | |
| |
| |
| |
Rapid Screening of Protein Profiles of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Proteins in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid | |
| |
| |
| |
Gender Identification of Human DNA Samples | |
| |
| |
| |
Proteomic Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Microorganisms | |
| |
| |
| |
Bacterial Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Viruses | |
| |
| |
| |
Detection of Phosphorylated Peptides in Bovine Adrenal Medulla | |
| |
| |
| |
Quantitative Analysis of Neuropeptides in Pituitary Tumors | |
| |
| |
| |
Human Genome Project | |
| |
| |
Index | |