| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Principles of Imaging with X-Rays | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Production | |
| |
| |
| |
| The X-Ray Source | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Tube Current, Tube Output, and Beam Intensity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The X-Ray Energy Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interactions of X-Rays with Tissue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coherent Scattering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compton Scattering | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Photoelectric Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear and Mass Attenuation Coefficients of X-Rays in Tissue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation for Planar X-Ray Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collimators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antiscatter Grids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intensifying Screens | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Film | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation for Computed and Digital Radiography | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Image Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contrast-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Contrast Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Imaging Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Angiography | |
| |
| |
| |
| X-Ray Fluoroscopy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dual-Energy Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications of X-Ray Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mammography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Abdominal X-Ray Scans | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scanner Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Detectors for Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Processing for Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preprocessing Data Corrections | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Radon Transform and Backprojection Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fan-Beam Reconstructions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iterative Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spiral/Helical Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Dose | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications of Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cerebral Scans | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulmonary Disease | |
| |
| |
| |
| Abdominal Imaging | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Principles of Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Production of Radionuclides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Radioactive Decay | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Technetium Generator | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Biodistribution of Technetium-Based Agents within the Body | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation: The Gamma Camera | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collimators | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Scintillation Crystal and Coupled Photomultiplier Tubes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Anger Position Network and the Pulse Height Analyzer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contrast-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation for SPECT | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scatter and Attenuation Correction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications of Nuclear Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brain Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bone Scanning and Tumor Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cardiac Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Respiratory System | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Liver and Reticuloendothelial System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Renal Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Positron Emission Tomography | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radionuclides Used for PET | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation for PET | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multislice and Three-Dimensional PET Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications of PET | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ultrasonic Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Principles of Ultrasonic Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Propagation and Characteristic Acoustic Impedance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave Reflection and Refraction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy Loss Mechanisms in Tissue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Absorption | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scattering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attenuation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single-Crystal Transducers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transducer Arrays | |
| |
| |
| |
| Beam Forming and Time-Gain Compensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagnostic Scanning Modes | |
| |
| |
| |
| A-Mode, M-Mode, and B-Mode Scans | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three-Dimensional Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Artifacts in Ultrasonic Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contrast-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compound Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blood Velocity Measurements Using Ultrasound | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Doppler Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
| Continuous Wave Doppler Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulsed-Mode Doppler Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Color Doppler/B-Mode Duplex Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-Domain Correlation/Color Velocity Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ultrasound Contrast Agents, Harmonic Imaging, and Pulse Inversion Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Safety and Bioeffects in Ultrasonic Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications of Ultrasound | |
| |
| |
| |
| Obstetrics and Gynecology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Breast Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Musculoskeletal Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cardiac Disease | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Magnetism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantum Mechanical Description | |
| |
| |
| |
| Classical Description | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiofrequency Pulses and the Rotating Reference Frame | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spin-Lattice and Spin-Spin Relaxation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Measurement of T[subscript 1] and T[subscript 2]: Inversion Recovery and Spin-Echo Sequences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Demodulation, Digitization, and Fourier Transformation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slice Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase-Encoding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency-Encoding | |
| |
| |
| |
| The k-Space Formalism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Instrumentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnet Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnetic Field Gradient Coils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiofrequency Coils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Imaging Sequences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spin-Echo Imaging Sequences | |
| |
| |
| |
| T[subscript 1]- and T[subscript 2]-Weighted Imaging Sequences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multislice Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rapid Gradient-Echo Sequences and Three-Dimensional Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Echo-Planar Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spiral Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contrast-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| MRI Contrast Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paramagnetic Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Superparamagnetic Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnetic Resonance Angiography | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time-of-Flight Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase-Contrast Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diffusion-Weighted Imaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Vivo Localized Spectroscopy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional MRI | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications of MRI | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liver and the Reticuloendothelial System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Musculoskeletal System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cardiac System | |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| General Image Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spatial Resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Point Spread Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resolution Criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Line Spread Function and Edge Spread Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Modulation Transfer Function | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Poisson Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Averaging | |
| |
| |
| |
| Contrast-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Filtering | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Receiver Operating Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier Transformation of Time-Domain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Useful Properties of the Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| |
| Backprojection and Filtered Backprojection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Backprojection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filtered Backprojection | |
| |
| |
| Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| Index | |