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| Organization of the Human Body | |
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| Anatomy and Physiology Defined | |
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| Levels of Organization and Body Systems | |
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| Life Processes | |
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| Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits | |
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| Control of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems | |
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| Homeostasis and Disease | |
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| Aging and Homeostasis | |
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| Anatomical Terms | |
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| Names of Body Regions | |
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| Directional Terms | |
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| Planes and Sections | |
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| Body Cavities | |
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| Dorsal Body Cavity | |
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| Ventral Body Cavity | |
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| Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants | |
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| Introductory Chemistry | |
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| Introduction to Chemistry | |
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| Chemical Elements and Atoms | |
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| Ions, Molecules, and Compounds | |
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| Chemical Bonds | |
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| Chemical Reactions | |
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| Chemical Compounds and Life Processes | |
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| Inorganic Compounds | |
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| Organic Compounds | |
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| Cells | |
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| A Generalized View of the Cell | |
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| The Plasma Membrane | |
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| Transport across the Plasma Membrane | |
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| Passive Processes | |
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| Active Transport | |
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| Transport in Vesicles | |
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| Cytoplasm | |
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| Cytosol | |
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| Organelles | |
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| Nucleus | |
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| Gene Action: Protein Synthesis | |
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| Transcription | |
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| Translation | |
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| Somatic Cell Division | |
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| Interphase | |
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| Mitotic Phase | |
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| Aging and Cells | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Tissues | |
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| Types of Tissues | |
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| Epithelial Tissue | |
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| General Features of Epithelial Tissue | |
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| Covering and Lining Epithelium | |
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| Glandular Epithelium | |
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| Connective Tissue | |
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| General Features of Connective Tissue | |
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| Connective Tissue Cells | |
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| Connective Tissue Matrix | |
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| Types of Connective Tissue | |
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| Muscular Tissue | |
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| Nervous Tissue | |
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| Membranes | |
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| Mucous Membranes | |
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| Serous Membranes | |
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| Synovial Membranes | |
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| Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis | |
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| Aging and Tissues | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Integumentary System | |
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| Skin | |
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| Structure of Skin | |
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| Epidermis | |
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| Dermis | |
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| Skin Color | |
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| Accessory Structures of the Skin | |
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| Hair | |
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| Glands | |
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| Nails | |
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| Functions of the Skin | |
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| Aging and the Integumentary System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Integumentary System | |
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| The Skeletal System | |
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| Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System | |
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| Types of Bones | |
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| Structure of Bone | |
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| Macroscopic Structure of Bone | |
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| Microscopic Structure of Bone | |
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| Ossification: Bone Formation | |
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| Intramembranous Ossification | |
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| Endochondral Ossification | |
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| Homeostasis of Bone | |
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| Bone Growth and Maintenance | |
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| Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis | |
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| Exercise and Bone Tissue | |
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| Bone Surface Markings | |
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| Divisions of the Skeletal System | |
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| Skull and Hyoid Bone | |
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| Cranial Bones | |
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| Facial Bones | |
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| Unique Features of the Skull | |
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| Hyoid Bone | |
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| Vertebral Column | |
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| Regions of the Vertebral Column | |
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| Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column | |
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| Vertebrae | |
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| Thorax | |
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| Sternum | |
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| Ribs | |
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| Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle | |
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| Clavicle | |
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| Scapula | |
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| Upper Limb | |
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| Humerus | |
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| Ulna and Radius | |
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| Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges | |
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| Pelvic (Hip) Girdle | |
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| Lower Limb | |
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| Femur | |
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| Patella | |
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| Tibia and Fibula | |
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| Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges | |
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| Comparison of Female and Male Skeletons | |
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| Aging and the Skeletal System | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Skeletal System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Joints | |
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| Joints | |
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| Fibrous Joints | |
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| Cartilaginous Joints | |
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| Synovial Joints | |
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| Structure of Synovial Joints | |
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| Types of Synovial Joints | |
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| Types of Movements at Synovial Joints | |
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| Gliding | |
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| Angular Movements | |
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| Rotation | |
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| Special Movements | |
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| Details of a Synovial Joint: The Knee Joint | |
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| Aging and Joints | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Muscular System | |
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| Overview of Muscular Tissue | |
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| Types of Muscular Tissue | |
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| Functions of Muscular Tissue | |
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| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | |
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| Connective Tissue Components | |
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| Nerve and Blood Supply | |
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| Histology | |
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| Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle | |
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| Sliding-Filament Mechanism | |
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| Neuromuscular Junction | |
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| Physiology of Contraction | |
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| Relaxation | |
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| Muscle Tone | |
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| Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue | |
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| Energy for Contraction | |
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| Muscle Fatigue | |
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| Oxygen Consumption after Exercise | |
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| Control of Muscle Tension | |
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| Twitch Contraction | |
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| Frequency of Stimulation | |
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| Motor Unit Recruitment | |
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| Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers | |
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| Isometric and Isotonic Contractions | |
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| Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue | |
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| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | |
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| Smooth Muscle Tissue | |
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| Aging and Muscular Tissue | |
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| How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement | |
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| Origin and Insertion | |
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| Group Actions | |
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| Principal Skeletal Muscles | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Muscular System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Nervous Tissue | |
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| Overview of the Nervous System | |
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| Structures of the Nervous System | |
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| Functions of the Nervous System | |
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| Organization of the Nervous System | |
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| Histology of Nervous Tissue | |
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| Neurons | |
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| Neuroglia | |
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| Myelination | |
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| Gray and White Matter | |
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| Action Potentials | |
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| Ion Channels | |
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| Resting Membrane Potential | |
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| Generation of Action Potentials | |
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| Conduction of Nerve Impulses | |
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| Synaptic Transmission | |
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| Events at a Synapse | |
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| Neurotransmitters | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Central Nervous System, Spinal Nerves, and Cranial Nerves | |
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| Spinal Cord | |
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| Protection and Coverings: Vertebral Canal and Meninges | |
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| Structure and Function of the Spinal Cord | |
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| Spinal Nerves | |
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| Spinal Nerve Composition and Coverings | |
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| Distribution of Spinal Nerves | |
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| Brain | |
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| Major Parts and Protective Coverings | |
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| Brain Blood Supply and the Blood-Brain Barrier | |
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| Cerebrospinal Fluid | |
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| Brain Stem | |
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| Diencephalon | |
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| Cerebellum | |
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| Cerebrum | |
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| Cranial Nerves | |
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| Aging and the Nervous System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems | |
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| Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| Organization of the Sympathetic Division | |
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| Organization of the Parasympathetic Division | |
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| Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System | |
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| ANS Neurotransmitters | |
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| Activities of the ANS | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Sensations | |
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| Overview of Sensations | |
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| Definition of Sensation | |
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| Characteristics of Sensations | |
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| Types of Sensory Receptors | |
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| Somatic Senses | |
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| Tactile Sensations | |
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| Thermal Sensations | |
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| Pain Sensations | |
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| Proprioceptive Sensations | |
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| Special Senses | |
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| Olfaction: Sense of Smell | |
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| Structure of the Olfactory Epithelium | |
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| Stimulation of Olfactory Receptors | |
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| The Olfactory Pathway | |
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| Gustation: Sense of Taste | |
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| Structure of Taste Buds | |
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| Stimulation of Gustatory Receptors | |
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| The Gustatory Pathway | |
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| Vision | |
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| Accessory Structures of the Eye | |
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| Layers of the Eyeball | |
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| Interior of the Eyeball | |
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| Image Formation and Binocular Vision | |
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| Stimulation of Photoreceptors | |
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| The Visual Pathway | |
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| Hearing and Equilibrium | |
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| Structure of the Ear | |
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| Physiology of Hearing | |
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| Auditory Pathway | |
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| Physiology of Equilibrium | |
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| Equilibrium Pathways | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Nervous System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Endocrine System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hormone Action | |
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| Chemistry of Hormones | |
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| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | |
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| Control of Hormone Secretions | |
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| Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland | |
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| Anterior Pituitary Hormones | |
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| Posterior Pituitary Hormones | |
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| Thyroid Gland | |
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| Actions of Thyroid Hormones | |
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| Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion | |
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| Calcitonin | |
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| Parathyroid Glands | |
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| Pancreatic Islets | |
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| Actions of Glucagon and Insulin | |
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| Adrenal Glands | |
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| Adrenal Cortex Hormones | |
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| Adrenal Medulla Hormones | |
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| Ovaries and Testes | |
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| Pineal Gland | |
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| Other Hormones | |
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| Hormones from Other Endocrine Cells | |
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| Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes | |
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| The Stress Response | |
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| Aging and the Endocrine System | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Endocrine System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Cardiovascular System: Blood | |
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| Functions of Blood | |
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| Components of Whole Blood | |
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| Blood Plasma | |
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| Formed Elements | |
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| Hemostasis | |
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| Vascular Spasm | |
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| Platelet Plug Formation | |
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| Clotting | |
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| Hemostatic Control Mechanisms | |
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| Clotting in Blood Vessels | |
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| Blood Groups and Blood Types | |
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| ABO Blood Groups | |
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| Rh Blood Group | |
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| Transfusions | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Cardiovascular System: Heart | |
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| Structure and Organization of the Heart | |
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| Location and Coverings of the Heart | |
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| Heart Wall | |
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| Chambers of the Heart | |
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| Great Vessels of the Heart | |
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| Valves of the Heart | |
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| Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart | |
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| Conduction System of the Heart | |
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| Electrocardiogram | |
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| The Cardiac Cycle | |
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| Heart Sounds | |
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| Cardiac Output | |
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| Regulation of Stroke Volume | |
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| Regulation of Heart Rate | |
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| Exercise and the Heart | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation | |
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| Blood Vessel Structure and Function | |
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| Arteries and Arterioles | |
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| Capillaries | |
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| Venules and Veins | |
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| Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels | |
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| Blood Pressure | |
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| Resistance | |
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| Regulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow | |
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| Checking Circulation | |
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| Pulse | |
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| Measurement of Blood Pressure | |
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| Circulatory Routes | |
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| Systemic Circulation | |
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| Pulmonary Circulation | |
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| Hepatic Portal Circulation | |
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| Fetal Circulation | |
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| Aging and the Cardiovascular System | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Cardiovascular System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Lymphatic and Immune System | |
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| Lymphatic and Immune System | |
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| Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation | |
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| Lymphatic Organs and Tissues | |
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| Nonspecific Resistance: Innate Defenses | |
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| First Line of Defense: Barriers | |
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| Second Line of Defense: Internal Defenses | |
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| Specific Resistance: Immunity | |
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| Maturation of T Cells and B Cells | |
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| Types of Immune Responses | |
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| Antigens and Antibodies | |
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| Processing and Presenting Antigens | |
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| T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity | |
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| B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity | |
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| Immunological Memory | |
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| Primary and Secondary Response | |
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| Naturally Acquired and Artificially Acquired Immunity | |
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| Aging and the Immune System | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Lymphatic and Immune System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Respiratory System | |
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| Organs of the Respiratory System | |
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| Nose | |
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| Pharynx | |
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| Larynx | |
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| The Structures of Voice Production | |
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| Trachea | |
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| Bronchi and Bronchioles | |
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| Lungs | |
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| Ventilation | |
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| Muscles of Inhalation and Exhalation | |
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| Pressure Changes During Ventilation | |
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| Lung Volumes and Capacities | |
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| Breathing Patterns and Modified Respiratory Movements | |
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| Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide | |
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| External Respiration: Pulmonary Gas Exchange | |
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| Internal Respiration: Systemic Gas Exchange | |
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| Transport of Respiratory Gases | |
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| Oxygen Transport | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Transport | |
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| Control of Respiration | |
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| Respiratory Center | |
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| Regulation of the Respiratory Center | |
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| Exercise and the Respiratory System | |
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| Aging and the Respiratory System | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Respiratory System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Digestive System | |
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| Overview of the Digestive System | |
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| Layers of the GI Tract and the Omentum | |
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| Mouth | |
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| Tongue | |
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| Salivary Glands | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Digestion in the Mouth | |
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| Pharynx and Esophagus | |
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| Stomach | |
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| Structure of the Stomach | |
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| Digestion and Absorption in the Stomach | |
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| Pancreas | |
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| Structure of the Pancreas | |
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| Pancreatic Juice | |
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| Regulation of Pancreatic Secretions | |
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| Liver and Gallbladder | |
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| Structure of the Liver and Gallbladder | |
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| Bile | |
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| Functions of the Liver | |
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| Small Intestine | |
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| Structure of the Small Intestine | |
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| Intestinal Juice | |
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| Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine | |
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| Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine | |
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| Regulation of Intestinal Secretion and Motility | |
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| Absorption in the Small Intestine | |
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| Large Intestine | |
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| Structure of the Large Intestine | |
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| Digestion and Absorption in the Large Intestine | |
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| The Defecation Reflex | |
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| Aging and the Digestive System | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Digestive System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Nutrition and Metabolism | |
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| Nutrients | |
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| Guidelines for Healthy Eating | |
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| Minerals | |
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| Vitamins | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Carbohydrate Metabolism | |
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| Lipid Metabolism | |
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| Protein Metabolism | |
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| Metabolism and Body Heat | |
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| Measuring Heat | |
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| Body Temperature Homeostasis | |
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| Regulation of Body Temperature | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| The Urinary System | |
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| Overview | |
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| Structure of the Kidneys | |
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| External Anatomy of the Kidneys | |
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| Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys | |
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| Renal Blood Supply | |
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| Nephrons | |
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| Functions of the Nephron | |
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| Glomerular Filtration | |
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| Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion | |
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| Components of Urine | |
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| Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine | |
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| Ureters | |
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| Urinary Bladder | |
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| Urethra | |
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| Micturition | |
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| Aging and the Urinary System | |
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| Focus on Homeostasis: The Urinary System | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance | |
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| Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance | |
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| Sources of Body Water Gain and Loss | |
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| Regulation of Body Water Gain | |
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| Regulation of Water and Solute Loss | |
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| Movement of Water Between Fluid Compartments | |
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| Electrolytes in Body Fluids | |
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| Acid-Base Balance | |
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| The Actions of Buffer Systems | |
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| Exhalation of Carbon Dioxide | |
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| Kidneys | |
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| Acid-Base Imbalances | |
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| Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance | |
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| The Reproductive Systems | |
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| Male Reproductive System | |
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| Scrotum | |
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| Testes | |
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| Ducts | |
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| Accessory Sex Glands | |
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| Semen | |
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| Penis | |
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| Female Reproductive System | |
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| Ovaries | |
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| Uterine Tubes | |
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| Uterus | |
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| Vagina | |
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| Perineum and Vulva | |
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| Mammary Glands | |
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| The Female Reproductive Cycle | |
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| Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle | |
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| Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle | |
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| The Human Sexual Response | |
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| Stages of the Human Sexual Response | |
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| Changes in Males | |
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| Changes in Females | |
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| Birth Control Methods and Abortion | |
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| Surgical Sterilization | |
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| Hormonal Methods | |
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| Intrauterine Devices | |
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| Spermicides | |
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| Barrier Methods | |
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| Periodic Abstinence | |
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| Abortion | |
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| Aging and the Reproductive Systems | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Development and Inheritance | |
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| Embryonic Period | |
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| First Week of Development | |
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| Second Week of Development | |
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| Third Week of Development | |
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| Fourth Through Eighth Weeks of Development | |
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| Fetal Period | |
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| Maternal Changes During Pregnancy | |
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| Hormones of Pregnancy | |
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| Changes during Pregnancy | |
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| Exercise and Pregnancy | |
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| Labor and Delivery | |
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| Lactation | |
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| Inheritance | |
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| Genotype and Phenotype | |
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| Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes | |
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| Common Disorders | |
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| Medical Terminology and Conditions | |
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| Answers to Self-Quizzes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |