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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation | |
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| Introduction to Thermal Radiation | |
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| The Modes of Heat Transfer | |
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| Conduction Heat Transfer | |
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| Convection Heat Transfer | |
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| Radiation Heat Transfer | |
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| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| The Dual Wave--Particle Nature of Thermal Radiation | |
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| Wave Description of Thermal Radiation | |
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| Solution to Maxwell's Equations for an Electrical Insulator | |
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| Polarization and Power Flux | |
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| Diffraction and Interference | |
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| Physics of Emission and Absorption of Thermal Radiation | |
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| Electrical Dipole Moment | |
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| The Atomic Oscillator | |
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| The Atomic Oscillator as a Dipole Antenna | |
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| Radiation Distribution Function | |
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| Basic Concepts; The Blackbody | |
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| The Solid Angle | |
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| Intensity (or Radiance) of Radiation | |
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| Directional, Spectral Emissive Power | |
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| Hemispherical, Spectral Emissive Power | |
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| Hemispherical, Total Emissive Power | |
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| Spectral Intensity of Our Atomic Oscillator | |
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| The Blackbody | |
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| Radiation Within an Isothermal Enclosure | |
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| The Blackbody as an Ideal Emitter | |
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| The Blackbody as an Ideal Emitter at All Wavelengths | |
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| The Blackbody as an Ideal Emitter in All Directions | |
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| Radiation Pressure | |
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| Radiation Energy Density | |
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| Relationship Between Radiation from a Blackbody and Its Temperature | |
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| Candidate Blackbody Radiation Distribution Functions | |
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| Planck's Blackbody Radiation Distribution Function | |
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| Blackbody Directional, Spectral Emissive Power | |
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| Blackbody Hemispherical, Spectral Emissive Power | |
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| Blackbody Total Intensity | |
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| Blackbody Hemispherical, Total Emissive Power | |
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| The Blackbody Function | |
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| Wien's Displacement Law | |
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| Description of Real Surfaces; Surface Properties | |
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| Departure of Real Surfaces from Blackbody Behavior | |
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| Directional, Spectral Emissivity | |
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| Hemispherical, Spectral Emissivity | |
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| Directional, Total Emissivity | |
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| The Hemisphericalizing and Totalizing Operators | |
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| Hemispherical, Total Emissivity | |
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| The Disposition of Radiation Incident to a Surface; The Reflectivity, Absorptivity, and Transmissivity | |
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| Directional, Spectral Absorptivity | |
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| Kirchhoff's Law | |
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| Hemispherical, Spectral Absorptivity | |
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| Directional, Total Absorptivity | |
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| Hemispherical, Total Absorptivity | |
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| Bidirectional, Spectral Reflectivity | |
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| Reciprocity for the Bidirectional, Spectral Reflectivity | |
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| BDRF Versus BRDF; Practical Considerations | |
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| Directional--Hemispherical, Spectral Reflectivity | |
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| Relationship Among the Directional, Spectral Emissivity; The Directional, Spectral Absorptivity; and The Directional-Hemispherical, Spectral Reflectivity | |
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| Hemispherical--Directional, Spectral Reflectivity | |
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| Reciprocity Between the Directional--Hemispherical, Spectral Reflectivity and the Hemispherical--Directional, Spectral Reflectivity | |
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| (Bi)Hemispherical, Spectral Reflectivity | |
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| Total Reflectivity | |
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| Participating Media and Transmissivity | |
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| Spectral Transmissivity | |
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| Total Transmissivity | |
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| Radiation Behavior of Surfaces | |
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| Introduction to the Radiation Behavior of Surfaces | |
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| Solution to Maxwell's Equations for an Electrically Conducting Medium (r[subscript e] Finite) | |
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| Reflection from an Ideal Dielectric Surface | |
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| Emissivity for an Opaque Dielectric | |
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| Behavior of Electrical Conductors (Metals) | |
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| The Drude Free-Electron Model for Metals; Dispersion Theory | |
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| Hagen--Rubens Approximation for Metals | |
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| Introduction to the Optical Behavior of Real Surfaces | |
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| Surface Topography Effects | |
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| Wave Phenomena in Thermal Radiation | |
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| Limitations to the Geometrical View of Thermal Radiation | |
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| Diffraction and Interference | |
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| Corner Effects | |
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| Polarization Effects | |
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| Radiation in a participating Medium | |
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| Motivation for the Study of Radiation in a Participating Medium | |
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| Emission from Gases and (Semi-)Transparent Solids and Liquids | |
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| Absorption by Gases and (Semi-)Transparent Solids and Liquids | |
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| The Band-Averaged Intensity and Spectral Emission Coefficient | |
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| Radiation Sources and Sinks Within a Purely Absorbing, Emitting Medium | |
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| Optical Regimes | |
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| Transmittance and Absorptance over an Optical Path | |
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| Emission and Absorption Mechanisms in Gases | |
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| Spectral Absorption Coefficient Models | |
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| Scattering by Gases and (Semi-)Transparent Solids and Liquids | |
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| The Scattering Phase Function, [Phi] | |
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| The Radiation Source Function | |
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| The Equations of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Rayleigh Scattering | |
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| Mie Scattering | |
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| Traditional Methods of Radiation Heat Transfer Analysis | |
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| Solution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer | |
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| Analytical Solution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer in a Purely Absorbing, Emitting, One-Dimensional Medium | |
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| Analytical Solution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer in a Purely Scattering One-Dimensional Medium | |
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| Solution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer in a One-Dimensional Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Medium | |
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| Solution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer in Multidimensional Space | |
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| Improvements and Applications | |
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| The Net Exchange Formulation for Diffuse, Gray Enclosures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Enclosure | |
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| The Net Exchange Formulation Model | |
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| The Radiosity and the Irradiance | |
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| The Integral Formulation | |
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| The Differential--Differential Configuration (Angle, Shape, View, Geometry) Factor | |
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| Reciprocity for the Differential--Differential Configuration Factor | |
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| The Integral Net Exchange Formulation (Continued) | |
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| Integral Equations Versus Differential Equations | |
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| Solution of Integral Equations | |
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| Solution by the Method of Successive Substitutions | |
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| Solution by the Method of Successive Approximations | |
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| Solution by the Method of Laplace Transforms | |
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| Solution by an Approximate Analytical Method | |
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| The Finite Net Exchange Formulation | |
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| Relationships Between Differential and Finite Configuration Factors | |
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| The Finite Net Exchange Formulation (Continued) | |
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| Solution of the Finite Net Exchange Formulation Equations | |
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| Evaluation of Configuration Factors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Evaluation of Configuration Factors Based on the Definition (the Direct Method) | |
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| Evaluation of Configuration Factors Using Contour Integration | |
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| The Superposition Principle | |
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| Formulation for Finite-Finite Configuration Factors | |
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| Configuration Factor Algebra | |
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| General Procedure for Performing Configuration Factor Algebra | |
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| Primitives | |
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| A Numerical Approach, the Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Method | |
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| Radiative Analysis of Nondiffuse, Nongray Enclosures Using the Net Exchange Formulation | |
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| The "Dusty Mirror" Model | |
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| Analysis of Enclosures Made up of Diffuse-Specular Surfaces | |
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| The Exchange Factor | |
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| Reciprocity for the Exchange Factor | |
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| Calculation of Exchange Factors | |
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| The Image Method for Calculating Exchange Factors | |
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| Net Exchange Formulation Using Exchange Factors | |
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| Treatment of Wavelength Dependence (Nongray Behavior) | |
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| Formulation for the Case of Specified Surface Temperatures | |
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| Formulation for the General Case of Specified Temperature on Some Surfaces and Specified Net Heat Flux on the Remaining Surfaces | |
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| An Alternative Approach for Axisymmetric Enclosures | |
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| The Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Method | |
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| Introduction to the Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Method | |
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| Common Situations Requiring a More Accurate Analytical Method | |
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| A Brief History of the Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Method in Radiation Heat Transfer | |
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| Second Law Implications | |
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| The Radiation Distribution Factor | |
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| The Total, Diffuse-Specular Radiation Distribution Factor | |
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| Properties of the Total, Diffuse-Specular Radiation Distribution Factor | |
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| The Monte Carlo Ray-Trace Method | |
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| Computation of the Estimate of the Distribution Factor Matrix | |
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| Use of the Total, Diffuse-Specular Radiation Distribution Factor for the Case of Specified Surface Temperatures | |
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| Use of the Total, Diffuse-Specular Radiation Distribution Factor for the Case of Some Specified Surface Net Heat Fluxes | |
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| The MCRT Method for Diffuse-Specular, Gray Enclosures: An Extended Example | |
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| Description of the Problem | |
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| Goals of the Analysis | |
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| Subdivision of the Cavity Walls into Surface Elements | |
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| Executing the Ray Trace: Locating the Point of "Emission" | |
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| Determine Where the Energy Bundle Strikes the Cavity Walls | |
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| Determine the Index of the Surface Element Receiving the Energy Bundle | |
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| Determine if the Energy Bundle Is Absorbed or Reflected | |
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| Determine if the Reflection is Diffuse or Specular | |
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| Determine the Direction of the Specular Reflection | |
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| Determine the Point Where the Energy Bundle Strikes the Cavity Wall | |
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| Determine the Index Number of the Surface Element Receiving the Energy Bundle | |
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| Determine if the Energy Bundle Is Absorbed or Reflected | |
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| Determine if the Reflection Is Diffuse or Specular | |
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| Determine the Direction of the Diffuse Reflection | |
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| Find the Point Where the Diffusely Reflected Energy Bundle Strikes the Cavity Wall | |
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| Determine if the Energy Bundle Is Absorbed or Reflected | |
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| Compute the Estimate of the Distribution Factor Matrix | |
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| The Distribution Factor for Nondiffuse, Nongray, Surface-to-Surface Radiation | |
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| The Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factor | |
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| Use of the Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factor for the Case of Specified Surface Temperatures | |
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| Calculation of (Bi)Directional, Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factors for the Case of Surface-to-Surface Exchange | |
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| Determine the Direction of Emission | |
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| Determine Whether the Energy Bundle Is Absorbed or Reflected | |
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| If Reflected, Determine the Direction of Reflection | |
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| Use of the Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factor for the Case of Some Specified Surface Net Heat Fluxes | |
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| Summary | |
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| The MCRT Method Applied to Radiation in a Participating Medium | |
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| The Enclosure Filled with a Participating Medium | |
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| The MCRT Formulation for Estimating the Distribution Factors | |
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| Use of Band-Averaged Spectral Radiation Distribution Factors in a Participating Medium | |
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| Evaluation of Unknown Temperatures when the Net Heat Transfer Is Specified for Some Surface and/or Volume Elements | |
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| Statistical Estimation of Uncertainty in the MCRT Method | |
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| Statement of the Problem | |
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| Statistical Inference | |
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| Hypothesis Testing for Population Means | |
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| Confidence Intervals for Population Proportions | |
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| Effects of Uncertainties in the Enclosure Geometry and Surface Optical Properties | |
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| Single-Sample Versus Multiple-Sample Experiments | |
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| Evaluation of Aggravated Uncertainty | |
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| Uncertainty in Temperature and Heat Transfer Results | |
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| Application to the Case of Specified Surface Temperatures | |
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| Experimental Design of MCRT Algorithms | |
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| Validation of the Theory | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Radiation from an Atomic Dipole | |
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| Maxwell's Equations and Conseration of Electric Charge | |
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| Maxwell's Equations Applied in Free Space | |
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| Emission from an Electric Dipole Radiator | |
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| Mie Scattering by Homogeneous Spherical Particles: Program UNO | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Program UNO | |
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| A Functional Environment for Longwave Infrared Exchange (FELIX) | |
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| Introduction to FELIX | |
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| What the Student Version of FELIX Cannot Do | |
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| What the Student Version of FELIX Can Do | |
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| How Does FELIX Work? | |
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| Random Number Generators and Autoregression Analysis | |
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| Pseudo-Random Number Generators | |
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| Properties of a "Good" Pseudo-Random Number Generator | |
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| A "Minimal Standard" Pseudo-Random Number Generator | |
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| Autoregression Analysis | |
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| Index | |