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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Electrical Transmission Networks | |
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| Conventional Control Mechanisms | |
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| Automatic Generation Control (AGC) | |
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| Excitation Control | |
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| Transformer Tap-Changer Control | |
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| Phase-Shifting Transformers | |
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| Flexible ac Transmission Systems (FACTS) | |
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| Advances in Power-Electronics Switching Devices | |
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| Principles and Applications of Semiconductor Switches | |
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| Emerging Transmission Networks | |
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| References | |
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| Reactive-Power Control in Electrical Power Transmission Systems | |
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| Reactive Power | |
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| Uncompensated Transmission Lines | |
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| A Simple Case | |
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| Lossless Distributed Parameter Lines | |
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| Passive Compensation | |
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| Shunt Compensation | |
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| Series Compensation | |
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| Effect on Power-Transfer Capacity | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Principles of Conventional Reactive-Power Compensators | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Synchronous Condensers | |
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| Configuration | |
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| Applications | |
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| The Saturated Reactor (SR) | |
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| Configuration | |
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| Operating Characteristics | |
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| The Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR) | |
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| The Single-Phase TCR | |
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| The 3-Phase TCR | |
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| The Thyristor-Switched Reactor (TSR) | |
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| The Segmented TCR | |
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| The 12-Pulse TCR | |
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| Operating Characteristics of a TCR | |
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| The Thyristor-Controlled Transformer (TCT) | |
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| The Fixed Capacitor--Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) | |
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| Configuration | |
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| Operating Characteristic | |
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| The Mechanically Switched Capacitor--Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (MSC-TCR) | |
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| The Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC) | |
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| Switching a Capacitor to a Voltage Source | |
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| Switching a Series Connection of a Capacitor and Reactor | |
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| Turning Off of the TSC Valve | |
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| The TSC Configuration | |
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| Operating Characteristic | |
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| The Thyristor-Switched Capacitor--Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TSC-TCR) | |
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| Configuration | |
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| Operating Characteristic | |
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| Current Characteristic | |
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| Susceptance Characteristic | |
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| Mismatched TSC--TCR | |
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| A Comparison of Different SVCs | |
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| Losses | |
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| Performance | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| SVC Control Components and Models | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measurement Systems | |
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| Voltage Measurement | |
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| The Demodulation Effect of the Voltage-Measurement System | |
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| Current Measurement | |
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| Power Measurement | |
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| The Requirements of Measurement Systems | |
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| The Voltage Regulator | |
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| The Basic Regulator | |
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| The Phase-Locked Oscillator (PLO) Voltage Regulator | |
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| The Digital Implementation of the Voltage Regulator | |
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| Gate-Pulse Generation | |
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| The Linearizing Function | |
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| Delays in the Firing System | |
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| The Synchronizing System | |
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| Additional Control and Protection Functions | |
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| The Damping of Electromechanical Oscillations | |
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| The Susceptance (Reactive-Power) Regulator | |
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| The Control of Neighboring Var Devices | |
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| Undervoltage Strategies | |
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| The Secondary-Overvoltage Limiter | |
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| The TCR Overcurrent Limiter | |
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| TCR Balance Control | |
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| The Nonlinear Gain and the Gain Supervisor | |
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| Modeling of SVC for Power-System Studies | |
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| Modeling for Load-Flow Studies | |
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| Modeling for Small- and Large-Disturbance Studies | |
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| Modeling for Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) Studies | |
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| Modeling for Electromagnetic Transient Studies | |
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| Modeling for Harmonic-Performance Studies | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Concepts of SVC Voltage Control | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Voltage Control | |
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| V-I Characteristics of the SVC | |
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| Voltage Control by the SVC | |
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| Advantages of the Slope in the SVC Dynamic Characteristic | |
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| Influence of the SVC on System Voltage | |
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| Design of the SVC Voltage Regulator | |
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| Effect of Network Resonances on the Controller Response | |
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| Critical Power-System Parameters | |
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| Sensitivity to Power-System Parameters | |
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| Sensitivity to TCR Operating Point | |
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| Choice of Transient Gain | |
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| Certain Features of the SVC Response | |
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| Methods for Improving the Voltage-Controller Response | |
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| The 2nd Harmonic Interaction Between the SVC and ac Network | |
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| Influence of the 2nd Harmonic Voltage on the TCR | |
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| Causes of 2nd Harmonic Distortion | |
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| TCR Balance Control | |
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| Application of the SVC to Series-Compensated ac Systems | |
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| ac System--Resonant Modes | |
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| SVC Transient Response With Series-Compensated ac-Transmission Lines | |
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| Effect of the Shunt-Reactor Mode on the SVC Voltage Controller | |
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| 3rd Harmonic Distortion | |
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| Voltage-Controller Design Studies | |
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| Modeling Aspects | |
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| Special Performance-Evaluation Studies | |
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| Study Methodologies for Controller Design | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| SVC Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Increase in Steady-State Power-Transfer Capacity | |
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| Enhancement of Transient Stability | |
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| Power-Angle Curves | |
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| Synchronizing Torque | |
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| Modulation of the SVC Bus Voltage | |
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| Augmentation of Power-System Damping | |
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| Principle of the SVC Auxiliary Control | |
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| Torque Contributions of SVC Controllers | |
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| Design of an SVC PSDC | |
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| Composite Signals for Damping Control | |
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| Alternative Techniques for the Design of SVC Auxiliary Controllers | |
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| SVC Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) | |
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| Principle of SVC Control | |
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| Configuration and Design of the SVC Controller | |
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| Rating of an SVC | |
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| Prevention of Voltage Instability | |
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| Principles of SVC Control | |
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| Configuration and Design of the SVC Controller | |
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| Rating of an SVC | |
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| Improvement of HVDC Link Performance | |
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| Principles and Applications of SVC Control | |
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| Configuration and Design of the SVC Controller | |
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| Rating of the SVC | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) | |
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| Series Compensation | |
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| Fixed-Series Compensation | |
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| The Need for Variable-Series Compensation | |
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| Advantages of the TCSC | |
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| The TCSC Controller | |
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| Operation of the TCSC | |
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| Basic Principle | |
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| Modes of TCSC Operation | |
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| The TSSC | |
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| Analysis of the TCSC | |
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| Capability Characteristics | |
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| The Single-Module TCSC | |
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| The Multimodule TCSC | |
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| Harmonic Performance | |
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| Losses | |
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| Response of the TCSC | |
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| Modeling of the TCSC | |
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| Variable-Reactance Model | |
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| An Advanced Transient-Stability Studies Model | |
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| Discrete and Phasor Models | |
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| Modeling for Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) Studies | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| TCSC Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Open-Loop Control | |
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| Closed-Loop Control | |
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| Constant-Current (CC) Control | |
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| Constant-Angle (CA) Control | |
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| Enhanced Current Control | |
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| Constant-Power Control | |
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| Enhanced Power Control | |
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| Firing Schemes and Synchronization | |
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| Improvement of the System-Stability Limit | |
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| Enhancement of System Damping | |
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| Principle of Damping | |
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| Bang-Bang Control | |
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| Auxiliary Signals for TCSC Modulation | |
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| Case Study for Multimodal Decomposition--Based PSDC Design | |
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| H[subscript [infinity] Method--Based PSDC Design | |
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| Alternative Techniques for PSDC Design | |
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| Placement of the TCSC | |
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| Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) Mitigation | |
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| TCSC Impedance at Subsynchronous Frequencies | |
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| A Case Study | |
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| Voltage-Collapse Prevention | |
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| TCSC Installations | |
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| Imperatriz--Serra da Mesa TCSCs in Brazil | |
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| Stode TCSC in Sweden | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Coordination of FACTS Controllers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Controller Interactions | |
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| Steady-State Interactions | |
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| Electromechanical-Oscillation Interactions | |
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| Control or Small-Signal Oscillations | |
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| Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) Interactions | |
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| High-Frequency Interactions | |
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| The Frequency Response of FACTS Controllers | |
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| SVC-SVC Interaction | |
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| The Effect of Electrical Coupling and Short-Circuit Levels | |
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| The System Without Series Compensation | |
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| The System With Series Compensation | |
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| High-Frequency Interactions | |
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| Additional Coordination Features | |
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| SVC-HVDC Interaction | |
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| SVC-TCSC Interaction | |
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| Input Signal of the TCSC-PSDC With Bus Voltage | |
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| Input Signal of the TCSC-PSDC With a System Angle | |
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| High-Frequency Interactions | |
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| TCSC-TCSC Interaction | |
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| The Effect of Loop Impedance | |
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| High-Frequency Interaction | |
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| Performance Criteria for Damping-Controller Design | |
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| Coordination of Multiple Controllers Using Linear-Control Techniques | |
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| The Basic Procedure for Controller Design | |
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| Controller Coordination for Damping Enhancement | |
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| Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)-Based Technique | |
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| Constrained Optimization | |
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| Nonlinear-Constrained Optimization of a Selective-Model-Performance Index | |
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| Global Coordination Using Nonlinear-Constrained Optimization | |
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| Control Coordination Using Genetic Algorithms | |
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| Coordination of Multiple Controllers Using Nonlinear-Control Techniques | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Emerging FACTS Controllers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The STATCOM | |
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| The Principle of Operation | |
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| The V-I Characteristic | |
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| Harmonic Performance | |
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| Steady-State Model | |
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| SSR Mitigation | |
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| Dynamic Compensation | |
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| The SSSC | |
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| The Principle of Operation | |
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| The Control System | |
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| Applications | |
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| The UPFC | |
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| The Principle of Operation | |
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| Applications | |
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| Comparative Evaluation of Different FACTS Controllers | |
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| Performance Comparison | |
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| Cost Comparison | |
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| Future Direction of FACTS Technology | |
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| The Role of Communications | |
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| Control-Design Issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Design of an SVC Voltage Regulator | |
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| Study System | |
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| Method of System Gain | |
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| Eigenvalue Analysis | |
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| Step Response | |
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| Power-Transfer Studies | |
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| Simulator Studies | |
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| Step-Response Studies | |
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| Power-Transfer Limits | |
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| A Comparison of Physical Simulator Results With Analytical and Digital Simulator Results Using Linearized Models | |
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| References | |
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| Transient-Stability Enhancement in a Midpoint SVC-Compensated SMIB System | |
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| Approximate Multimodal Decomposition Method for the Design of FACTS Controllers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modal Analysis of the ith Swing Mode, [lambda subscript i] | |
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| Effect of the Damping Controller | |
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| Implications of Different Transfer Functions | |
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| Controllability | |
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| Observability | |
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| The Inner Loop | |
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| Design of the Damping Controller | |
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| The Controller-Phase Index (CPI) | |
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| The Maximum Damping Influence (MDI) Index | |
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| The Natural Phase Influence (NPI) Index | |
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| References | |
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| FACTS Terms and Definitions | |
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| Definitions of Basic Terms | |
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| Definitions of Facts Controller Terms | |
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| Reference | |
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| Index | |