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| Introduction | |
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| Some Characteristics of Fluids | |
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| Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units | |
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| Systems of Units | |
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| Analysis of Fluid Behavior | |
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| Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight | |
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| Density | |
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| Specific Weight | |
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| Specific Gravity | |
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| Ideal Gas Law | |
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| Viscosity | |
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| Compressibility of Fluids | |
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| Bulk Modulus | |
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| Compression and Expansion of Gases | |
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| Speed of Sound | |
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| Vapor Pressure | |
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| Surface Tension | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide Problems | |
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| Fluid Statics | |
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| Pressure at a Point | |
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| Basic Equation for Pressure Field | |
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| Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest | |
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| Incompressible Fluid | |
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| Compressible Fluid | |
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| Standard Atmosphere | |
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| Measurement of Pressure | |
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| Manometry | |
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| Piezometer Tube | |
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| U-Tube Manometer | |
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| Inclined-Tube Manometer | |
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| Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices | |
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| Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface | |
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| Pressure Prism | |
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| Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface | |
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| Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability | |
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| Archimedes' Principle | |
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| Stability | |
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| Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Elementary Fluid Dynamics-The Bernoulli Equation | |
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| Newton's Second Law | |
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| F = ma Along a Streamline | |
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| F = ma Normal to a Streamline | |
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| Physical Interpretation | |
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| Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure | |
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| Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation | |
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| Free Jets | |
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| Confined Flows | |
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| Flowrate Measurement | |
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| The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line | |
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| Restrictions on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fluid Kinematics | |
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| The Velocity Field | |
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| Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions | |
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| One-, Two-, and Three- Dimensional Flows | |
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| Steady and Unsteady Flows | |
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| Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines | |
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| The Acceleration Field | |
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| The Material Derivative | |
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| Unsteady Effects | |
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| Convective Effects | |
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| Streamline Coordinates | |
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| Control Volume and System Representations | |
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| The Reynolds Transport Theorem | |
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| Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem | |
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| Selection of a Control Volume | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Finite Control Volume Analysis | |
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| Conservation of Mass-The Continuity Equation | |
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| Derivation of the Continuity Equation | |
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| Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume | |
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| Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume | |
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| Newton's Second Law-The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations | |
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| Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation | |
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| Application of the Linear Momentum Equation | |
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| Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation | |
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| Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation | |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics-The Energy Equation | |
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| Derivation of the Energy Equation | |
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| Application of the Energy Equation | |
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| Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation | |
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| Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| Problems | |
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| Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow | |
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| Fluid Element Kinematics | |
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| Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited | |
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| Linear Motion and Deformation | |
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| Angular Motion and Deformation | |
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| Conservation of Mass | |
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| Differential Form of Continuity Equation | |
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| Cylindrical Polar Coordinates | |
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| The Stream Function | |
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| Conservation of Linear Momentum | |
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| Description of Forces Acting on Differential Element | |
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| Equations of Motion | |
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| Inviscid Flow | |
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| Euler's Equations of Motion | |
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| The Bernoulli Equation | |
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| Irrotational Flow | |
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| The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow | |
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| The Velocity Potential | |
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| Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows | |
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| Uniform Flow | |
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| Source and Sink | |
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| Vortex | |
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| Doublet | |
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| Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows | |
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| Source in a Uniform Stream-Half-Body | |
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| Flow around a Circular Cylinder | |
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| Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis | |
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| Viscous Flow | |
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| Stress-Deformation Relationships | |
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| The Navier-Stokes Equations | |
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| Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids | |
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| Steady, Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates | |
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| Couette Flow | |
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| Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes | |
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| Other Aspects of Differential Analysis | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling | |
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| Dimensional Analysis | |
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| Buckingham Pi Theorem | |
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| Determination of Pi Terms | |
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| Some Additional Comments about Dimensional Analysis | |
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| Selection of Variables | |
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| Determination of Reference Dimensions | |
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| Uniqueness of Pi Terms | |
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| Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection | |
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| Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics | |
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| Correlation of Experimental Data | |
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| Problems with One Pi Term | |
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| Problems with Two or More Pi Terms | |
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| Modeling and Similitude | |
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| Theory of Models | |
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| Model Scales | |
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| Distorted Models | |
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| Some Typical Model Studies | |
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| Flow through Closed Conduits | |
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| Flow around Immersed Bodies | |
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| Flow with a Free Surface | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Viscous Flow in Pipes | |
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| General Characteristics of Pipe Flow | |
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| Laminar or Turbulent Flow | |
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| Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow | |
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| Fully Developed Laminar Flow | |
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| From F = ma Applied to a Fluid Element | |
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| From the Navier-Stokes Equations | |
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| Fully Developed Turbulent Flow | |
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| Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow | |
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| Turbulent Shear Stress | |
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| Turbulent Velocity Profile | |
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| Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow | |
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| Major Losses | |
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| Minor Losses | |
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| Noncircular Conduits | |
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| Pipe Flow Examples | |
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| Single Pipes | |
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| Multiple Pipe Systems | |
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| Pipe Flowrate Measurement | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Flow Over Immersed Bodies | |
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| General External Flow Characteristics | |
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| Lift and Drag Concepts | |
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| Characteristics of Flow Past an Object | |
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| Boundary Layer Characteristics | |
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| Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate | |
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| Prandt1/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution | |
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| Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate | |
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| Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow | |
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| Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow | |
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| Effects of Pressure Gradient | |
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| Drag | |
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| Friction Drag | |
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| Pressure Drag | |
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| Drag Coefficient Data and Examples | |
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| Lift | |
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| Surface Pressure Distribution | |
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| Circulation | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Open-Channel Flow | |
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| General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow | |
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| Surface Waves | |
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| Wave Speed | |
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| Froude Number Effects | |
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| Energy Considerations | |
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| Specific Energy | |
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| Uniform Depth Channel Flow | |
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| Uniform Flow Approximations | |
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| The Chezy and Manning Equations | |
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| Uniform Depth Examples | |
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| Gradually Varied Flow | |
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| Rapidly Varied Flow | |
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| The Hydraulic Jump | |
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| Sharp-Crested Weirs | |
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| Broad-Crested Weirs | |
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| Underflow Gates | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Turbomachines | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Energy Considerations | |
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| Basic Angular Momentum Considerations | |
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| The Centrifugal Pump | |
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| Theoretical Considerations | |
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| Pump Performance Characteristics | |
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| System Characteristics and Pump Selection | |
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| Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws | |
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| Specific Speed | |
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| Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps | |
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| Turbines | |
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| Impulse Turbines | |
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| Reaction Turbines | |
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| Compressible Flow Turbomachines | |
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| Chapter Summary and Study Guide | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Computational Fluid Dynamics and Flowlab | |
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| Physical Properties of Fluids | |
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| Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere | |
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| Reynolds Transport Theorem | |
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| General Reynolds Transport Theorem | |
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| General Control Volume Equations | |
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| Comprehensive Table of Conversion Factors | |
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| Online Appendix List | |
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| Video Library | |
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| Review Problems | |
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| Laboratory Problems | |
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| CFD Driven Cavity Example | |
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| Flowlab Tutorial and User's Guide | |
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| Flowlab Problems | |
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| Answers | |
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| Index | |
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| Index of Fluids Phenomena Videos | |