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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Historical Background, Current Relevance and Perspectives | |
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References | |
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Some General Principles | |
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Occurrence and Availability of Inorganic Elements in Organisms | |
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Insertion: The Chelate Effect | |
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Insertion: "Hard" and "Soft" Coordination Centers | |
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Biological Functions of Inorganic Elements | |
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Biological Ligands for Metal Ions | |
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Coordination by Proteins-Comments on Enzymatic Catalysis | |
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Insertion: The "Entatic State" in Enzymatic Catalysis | |
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Tetrapyrrole Ligands and Other Macrocycles | |
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Insertion: Electron Spin States in Transition Metal Ions | |
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Nucleobases, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (RNA, DNA) as Ligands | |
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Insertion: Secondary Bonding | |
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Relevance of Model Compounds | |
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References | |
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Cobalamins, Including Vitamin and Coenzyme B<sub>12</sub> | |
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History and Structural Characterization | |
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Insertion: Bioorganometallics I | |
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General Reactions of Alkylcobalamins | |
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One-electron Reduction and Oxidation | |
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Co-C Bond Cleavage | |
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Insertion: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance I | |
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Enzyme Functions of Cobalamins | |
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Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent Isomerases | |
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Insertion: Organic Redox Coenzymes | |
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Alkylation Reactions of Methylcobalamin (MeCbl)-dependent Alkyl Transferases | |
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Model Systems and the Enzymatic Activation of the Co-C Bond | |
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References | |
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Metals at the Center of Photosynthesis: Magnesium and Manganese | |
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Volume and Efficiency of Photosynthesis | |
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Primary Processes in Photosynthesis | |
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Light Absorption (Energy Acquisition) | |
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Exciton Transport (Directed Energy Transfer) | |
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Charge Separation and Electron Transport | |
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Insertion: Structure Determination by X-ray Diffraction | |
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Manganese-catalyzed Oxidation of Water to O<sub>2</sub> | |
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Insertion: Spin-Spin Coupling | |
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References | |
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The Dioxygen Molecule, O<sub>2</sub>: Uptake, Transport and Storage of an Inorganic Natural Product | |
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Molecular and Chemical Properties of Dioxygen, O<sub>2</sub> | |
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Oxygen Transport and Storage through Hemoglobin and Myoglobin | |
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Alternative Oxygen Transport in Some Lower Animals: Hemerythrin and Hemocyanin | |
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Magnetism | |
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Light Absorption | |
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Vibrational Spectroscopy | |
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Insertion: Resonance Raman Spectroscopy | |
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M�ssbauer Spectroscopy | |
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Insertion: M�ssbauer Spectroscopy | |
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Structure | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Catalysis through Hemoproteins: Electron Transfer, Oxygen Activation and Metabolism of Inorganic Intermediates | |
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Cytochromes | |
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Cytochrome P-450: Oxygen Transfer from O<sub>2</sub> to Nonactivated Substrates | |
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Peroxidases: Detoxification and Utilization of Doubly Reduced Dioxygen | |
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Controlling the Reaction Mechanism of the Oxyheme Group: Generation and Function of Organic Free Radicals | |
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Hemoproteins in the Catalytic Transformation of Partially Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds | |
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Insertion: Gasotransmitters | |
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References | |
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Iron-Sulfur and Other Non-heme Iron Proteins | |
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Biological Relevance of the Element Combination Iron-Sulfur | |
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Insertion: Extremophiles and Bioinorganic Chemistry | |
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Rubredoxins | |
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[2Fe-2S] Centers | |
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Polynuclear Fe/S Clusters: Relevance of the Protein Environment and Catalytic Activity | |
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Model Systems for Fe/S Proteins | |
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Iron-containing Enzymes without Porphyrin or Sulfide Ligands | |
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Iron-containing Ribonucleotide Reductase | |
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Soluble Methane Monooxygenase | |
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Purple Acid Phosphatases (Fe/Fe and Fe/Zn) | |
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Mononuclear Non-heme Iron Enzymes | |
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References | |
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Uptake, Transport and Storage of an Essential Element, as Exemplified by Iron | |
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Insertion: Metallome | |
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The Problem of Iron Mobilization: Oxidation States, Solubility and Medical Relevance | |
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Siderophores: Iron Uptake by Microorganisms | |
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Insertion: Optical Isomerism in Octahedral Complexes | |
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Phytosiderophores: Iron Uptake by Plants | |
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Transport and Storage of Iron | |
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Transferrin | |
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Ferritin | |
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Hemosiderin | |
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References | |
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Nickel-containing Enzymes: The Remarkable Career of a Long-overlooked Biometal | |
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Overview | |
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Urease | |
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Hydrogenases | |
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CO Dehydrogenase = CO Oxidoreductase = Acetyl-CoA Synthase | |
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Methyl-coenzyme M Reductase (Including the F<sub>430</sub> Cofactor) | |
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Insertion: Natural and Artificial (Industrial) C<sub>1</sub> Chemistry | |
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Insertion: Bioorganometallics II: The Organometallic Chemistry of Cobalt and Nickel | |
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Superoxide Dismutase | |
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Model Compounds | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Copper-containing Proteins: An Alternative to Biological Iron | |
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Type 1: "Blue" Copper Proteins | |
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Insertion: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance II | |
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Type 2 and Type 3 Copper Centers in O<sub>2</sub>-activating Proteins: Oxygen Transport and Oxygenation | |
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Copper Proteins as Oxidases/Reductases | |
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Cytochrome c Oxidase | |
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Cu,Zn-and Other Superoxide Dismutases: Substrate-specific Antioxidants | |
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References | |
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Biological Functions of the "Early" Transition Metals: Molybdenum, Tungsten, Vanadium and Chromium | |
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Oxygen Transfer through Tungsten-and Molybdenum-containing Enzymes | |
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Overview | |
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Oxotransferase Enzymes Containing the Molybdopterin or Tungstopterin Cofactor | |
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Insertion: "Oxidation" | |
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Metalloenzymes in the Biological Nitrogen Cycle: Molybdenum-dependent Nitrogen Fixation | |
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Alternative Nitrogenases | |
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Biological Vanadium Outside of Nitrogenases | |
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Chromium(III) in the Metabolism? | |
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References | |
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Zinc: Structural and Gene-regulatory Functions and the Enzymatic Catalysis of Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions | |
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Overview | |
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Carboanhydrase | |
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Carboxypeptidase A and Other Hydrolases | |
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Catalysis of Condensation Reactions by Zinc-containing Enzymes | |
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Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Related Enzymes | |
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The "Zinc Finger" and Other Gene-regulatory Zinc Proteins | |
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Insulin, hGH, Metallothionein and DNA Repair Systems as Zinc-containing Proteins | |
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References | |
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Unequally Distributed Electrolytes: Function and Transport of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Cations | |
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Characterization and Biological Roles of K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> | |
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Insertion: Heteroatom Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | |
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Complexes of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions with Macrocycles | |
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Ion Channels | |
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Ion Pumps | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Catalysis and Regulation of Bioenergetic Processes by the Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> | |
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Magnesium: Catalysis of Phosphate Transfer by Divalent Ions | |
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The Ubiquitous Regulatory Role of Ca<sup>2+</sup> | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Biomineralization: The Controlled Assembly of "Advanced Materials" in Biology | |
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Overview | |
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Nucleation and Crystal Growth | |
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Insertion: Dimensions | |
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Examples of Biominerals | |
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Calcium Phosphate in the Bones of Vertebrates and the Global P Cycle | |
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Insertion: The Global P Cycle | |
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Calcium Carbonate and the Global Inorganic C Cycle | |
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Insertion: The Global C Cycle and the Marine Inorganic C Cycle | |
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Amorphous Silica | |
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Iron Biominerals | |
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Strontium and Barium Sulfates | |
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Biomimetic Materials | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Biological Functions of the Nonmetallic Inorganic Elements | |
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Overview | |
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Boron | |
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Silicon | |
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Arsenic and Trivalent Phosphorus | |
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Bromine | |
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Fluorine | |
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Iodine | |
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Selenium | |
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References | |
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The Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Quintessentially Toxic Metals | |
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Overview | |
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Lead | |
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Cadmium | |
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Thallium | |
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Mercury | |
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Aluminum | |
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Beryllium | |
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Chromium and Tungsten | |
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Toxicity of Nanomaterials | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Biochemical Behavior of Radionuclides and Medical Imaging Using Inorganic Compounds | |
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Radiation Risks and Medical Benefits from Natural and Synthetic Radionuclides | |
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The Biochemical Impact of Ionizing Radiation from Radioactive Isotopes | |
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Natural and Synthetic Radioisotopes | |
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Bioinorganic Chemistry of Radionuclides | |
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Insertion: Fukushima Daiichi, Chernobyl, Hiroshima and Nuclear Weapons Testing | |
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Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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Technetium: A "Synthetic Bioinorganic Element" | |
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Radiotracers for the Investigation of the Metallome | |
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Medical Imaging Based on Nonradioactive Inorganic Compounds | |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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X-ray Contrast Agents | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Chemotherapy Involving Nonessential Elements | |
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Overview | |
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Platinum Complexes in Cancer Therapy | |
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Discovery, Application and Structure-Effect Relationships | |
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Cisplatin: Mode of Action | |
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New Anticancer Drugs Based on Transition Metal Complexes | |
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Overview and Aims for Drug Development | |
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Nonplatinum Anticancer Drugs | |
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Further Inorganic Compounds in (Noncancer) Chemotherapy | |
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Gold-containing Drugs Used in the Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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Lithium in Psychopharmacologic Drugs | |
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Bismuth Compounds against Ulcers | |
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Vanadium-containing Insulin Mimetics and V-containing Anti-HTV Drags | |
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Sodium Nitroprusside | |
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Bioorganometallic Chemistry of Nonessential Elements | |
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Further Reading | |
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References | |
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Index | |