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| Preface | |
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| Preface to the first edition | |
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| Acknowledgements from the first edition | |
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| Notes on the use of this book | |
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| X-rays and their interaction with matter | |
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| X-rays: waves and photons | |
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| Scattering | |
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| Absorption | |
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| Refraction and reflection | |
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| Coherence | |
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| Magnetic interactions | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Sources | |
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| Early history and the X-ray tube | |
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| Introduction to synchrotron radiation | |
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| Synchrotron radiation from a circular arc | |
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| Undulator radiation | |
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| Wiggler radiation | |
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| Free-electron lasers | |
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| Compact light sources | |
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| Coherence volume and photon degeneracy | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Refraction and reflection from interfaces | |
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| Refraction and phase shift in scattering | |
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| Refractive index and scattering length density | |
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| Refractive index including absorption | |
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| Snell's law and the Fresnel equations in the X-ray region | |
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| Reflection from a homogeneous slab | |
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| Specular reflection from multilayers | |
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| Reflectivity from a graded interface | |
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| Rough interfaces and surfaces | |
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| Examples of reflectivity studies | |
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| X-ray optics | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Kinematical scattering I: non-crystalline materials | |
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| Two electrons | |
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| Scattering from an atom | |
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| Scattering from a molecule | |
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| Scattering from liquids and glasses | |
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| Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Kinematical scattering II: crystalline order | |
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| Scattering from a crystal | |
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| Quasiperiodic structures | |
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| Crystal truncation rods | |
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| Lattice vibrations, the Debye-Waller factor and TDS | |
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| The measured intensity from a crystallite | |
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| Applications of kinematical diffraction | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Diffraction by perfect crystals | |
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| One atomic layer: reflection and transmission | |
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| Kinematical reflection from a few layers | |
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| Darwin theory and dynamical diffraction | |
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| The Darwin reflectivity curve | |
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| DuMond diagrams | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Photoelectric absorption | |
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| X-ray absorption by an isolated atom | |
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| EXAFS and near-edge structure | |
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| X-ray dichroism | |
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| ARPES | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Resonant scattering | |
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| The forced charged oscillator model | |
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| The atom as an assembly of oscillators | |
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| The Kramers-Kronig relations | |
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| Numerical estimate of f' | |
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| Breakdown of Friedel's law and Bijvoet pairs | |
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| The phase problem in crystallography | |
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| Quantum mechanical description | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Imaging | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Absorption contrast imaging | |
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| Phase contrast imaging | |
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| Coherent diffraction imaging | |
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| Holography | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Scattering and absorption cross-sections | |
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| Classical electric dipole radiation | |
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| Quantization of the electromagnetic field | |
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| Gaussian statistics | |
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| Fourier transforms | |
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| Comparison of X-rays with neutrons | |
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| MATLAB� computer programs | |
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| Answers to exercises and hints | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |