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Introducing Environmental Science and Sustainability | |
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Human Impacts on the Environment | |
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Increasing Human Numbers | |
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The Gap Between Rich and Poor Countries | |
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Population, Resources, and the Environment | |
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Types of Resources | |
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Resource Consumption | |
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The IPAT Model | |
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Sustainability | |
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Sustainability and the Tragedy of the Commons | |
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Global Plans for Sustainable Development | |
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Environmental Science | |
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Earth Systems and Environmental Science | |
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Science as a Process | |
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Addressing Environmental Problems | |
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Working Together | |
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Case In Point Lake Washington | |
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Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics | |
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A Brief Environmental History of the United States | |
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Protecting Forests | |
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Establishing and Protecting National Parks and Monuments | |
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Conservation in the Mid-20th Century | |
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The Environmental Movement of the Late 20th Century | |
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U.S. Environmental Legislation | |
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Environmental Policy Since 1970 | |
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Economics and the Environment | |
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Strategies for Pollution Control | |
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Critiques of Environmental Economics | |
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Natural Resources, the Environment, and National Income Accounts | |
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Environmental Justice | |
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Environmental Justice and Ethical Issues | |
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Mandating Environmental Justice at the Federal Level | |
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Environmental Justice at the International Level | |
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Environmental Ethics, Values, and Worldviews | |
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Human-Centered and Life-Centered Worldviews | |
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Case In Point Environmental Problems in Central and Eastern Europe | |
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Ecosystems and Energy | |
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What Is Ecology? | |
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The Energy of Life | |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration | |
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The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems | |
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Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers | |
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The Path of Energy Flow: Who Eats Whom in Ecosystems | |
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Ecological Pyramids | |
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Ecosystem Productivity | |
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Case In Point Life Without the Sun | |
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Case In Point How Humans Have Affected the Antarctic Food Web | |
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Ecosystems and the Physical Environment | |
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The Cycling of Materials Within Ecosystems | |
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The Carbon Cycle | |
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The Nitrogen Cycle | |
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The Phosphorus Cycle | |
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The Sulfur Cycle | |
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The Hydrologic Cycle | |
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Solar Radiation | |
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Temperature Changes with Latitude | |
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Temperature Changes with the Seasons | |
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The Atmosphere | |
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Layers of the Atmosphere | |
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Atmospheric Circulation | |
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The Global Ocean | |
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Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean | |
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Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water | |
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Ocean Interactions with the Atmosphere | |
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Weather and Climate | |
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Precipitation | |
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Tornadoes | |
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Tropical Cyclones | |
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Internal Planetary Processes | |
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Earthquakes | |
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Volcanoes | |
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Meeting The Challenge Recycling Phosphorus From Sewage | |
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Case In Point Hurricane Katrina | |
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Ecosystems and Living Organisms | |
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Evolution: How Populations Change Over Time | |
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Natural Selection | |
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The Modern Synthesis | |
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Evolution of Biological Diversity: The Domains and Kingdoms of Life | |
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Principles of Population Ecology | |
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Population Density | |
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How Do Populations Change in Size? | |
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Maximum Population Growth | |
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Environmental Resistance and Carrying Capacity | |
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Factors That Affect Population Size | |
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Reproductive Strategies | |
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Survivorship | |
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Metapopulations | |
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Biological Communities | |
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The Ecological Niche | |
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Competition | |
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Symbiosis | |
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Predation | |
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Keystone Species | |
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Species Richness in a Community | |
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Species Richness, Ecosystem Services, and Community Stability | |
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Community Development | |
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Primary Succession | |
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Secondary Succession | |
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Case In Point Species Richness in Lake Victoria | |
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Major Ecosystems of the World | |
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Earth���s Major Biomes | |
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Tundra: Cold Boggy Plains of the Far North | |
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Boreal Forests: Conifer Forests of the North | |
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Temperate Rain Forests: Lush Temperate Forests | |
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Temperate Deciduous Forests: Broad-leaved Trees That Shed Their Leaves | |
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Grasslands: Temperate Seas of Grass | |
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Chaparral: Thickets of Evergreen Shrubs and Small Trees | |
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Deserts: Arid Life Zones | |
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Savanna: Tropical Grasslands | |
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Tropical Rain Forests: Lush Equatorial Forests | |
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Vertical Zonation: The Distribution of Vegetation on Mountains | |
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Aquatic Ecosystems | |
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Freshwater Ecosystems | |
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Estuaries: Where Fresh Water and Salt Water Meet | |
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Marine Ecosystems | |
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Case In Point The Everglades | |
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Human Health and Environmental Toxicology | |
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Human Health | |
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Health Issues in Highly Developed Countries | |
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Health Issues in Developing Countries | |
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Emerging and Reemerging Diseases | |
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Environmental Pollution and Disease | |
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Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification of Environmental Contaminants | |
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Endocrine Disrupters | |
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Determining Health Effects of Environmental Pollution | |
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Identifying Toxic Substances | |
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Children and Chemical Exposure | |
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Ecotoxicology: Toxicant Effects on Communities and Ecosystems | |
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Decision Making and Uncertainty: Assessment of Risks | |
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Risk Information as a Decision Tool | |
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Ecological Risk Assessment | |
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Meeting The Challenge Global Polio Eradication | |
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Case In Point Influenza Pandemics Past and Future | |
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Case In Point The Ocean and Human Health | |
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The Human Population | |
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The Science of Demography | |
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Current and Future Population Numbers | |
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Human Migration | |
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Demographics of Countries | |
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Demographic Stages | |
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Age Structure | |
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Population and Quality of Life | |
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Population and Chronic Hunger | |
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Economic Effects of Continued Population Growth | |
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Reducing the Total Fertility Rate | |
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Culture and Fertility | |
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The Social and Economic Status of Women | |
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Family Planning Services | |
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Government Policies and Fertility | |
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China and Mexico: Contrasting Population Growth Measures | |
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| |
Achieving Population Stabilization | |
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| |
Case In Point The Millennium Development Goals | |
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Meeting The Challenge The Poverty Action Lab | |
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The Urban Environment | |
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Population and Urbanization | |
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Characteristics of the Urban Population | |
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Urbanization Trends | |
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The City as an Ecosystem | |
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Phoenix, Arizona: Long-Term Study of an Urban Ecosystem | |
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Environmental Problems Associated with Urban Areas | |
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Environmental Benefits of Urbanization | |
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Urban Land Use Planning | |
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Transportation and Urban Development | |
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| |
Suburban Sprawl | |
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Making Cities More Sustainable | |
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| |
Meeting The Challenge Green Architecture | |
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| |
Case In Point Curitiba, Brazil | |
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Energy Consumption | |
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Energy Consumption and Policy | |
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Energy Consumption | |
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| |
Energy Efficiency and Conservation | |
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Energy Efficiency | |
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Energy Conservation | |
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| |
Electricity, Hydrogen, and Energy Storage | |
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| |
Electricity | |
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| |
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells | |
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| |
Energy Storage | |
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| |
Energy Policy | |
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| |
You Can Make A Difference Saving Energy at Home | |
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| |
Case In Point Hydrogen and Electricity for Transportation | |
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| |
Fossil Fuels | |
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| |
Fossil Fuels | |
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| |
How Fossil Fuels Formed | |
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| |
Fossil Fuels, the Carbon Cycle, and Climate | |
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| |
Coal | |
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Coal Reserves | |
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Coal Mining | |
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Safety Problems Associated with Coal | |
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Environmental Impacts of the Mining Process | |
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| |
Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal | |
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| |
Making Coal a Cleaner Fuel | |
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| |
Capture and Storage of Carbon from Coal | |
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| |
Oil and Natural Gas | |
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| |
Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas | |
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| |
Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas | |
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| |
Global Oil Demand and Supply | |
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Environmental Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas | |
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| |
Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil-Fuel Resources | |
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| |
Environmental Impacts of Synfuels | |
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| |
Case In Point The Marcellus Shale | |
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Case In Point The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge | |
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| |
Renewable Energy and Nuclear Power | |
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| |
Direct Solar Energy | |
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| |
Heating Buildings and Water | |
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| |
Solar Thermal Electric Generation | |
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| |
Photovoltaics | |
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| |
Indirect Solar Energy | |
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| |
Biomass Energy | |
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| |
Wind Energy | |
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| |
Hydropower | |
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| |
Other Indirect Solar Energy | |
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| |
Other Renewable Energy Sources | |
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| |
Geothermal Energy | |
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| |
Tidal Energy | |
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| |
Nuclear Power | |
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| |
Electricity from Conventional Nuclear Fission | |
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| |
Breeder Reactors and Mixed Oxide Fuel (MOX) for Nuclear Fission | |
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| |
Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy | |
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| |
Safety Issues at Nuclear Power Plants | |
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| |
The Link Between Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapons | |
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| |
Radioactive Wastes | |
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Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants | |
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The Future of Nuclear Power | |
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Small and Medium-Sized Nuclear Reactors | |
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| |
Public and Expert Attitudes toward Nuclear Energy | |
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| |
Fusion: Nuclear Energy for the Future | |
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| |
Case In Point The Three Gorges Dam | |
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Case In Point Yucca Mountain | |
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| |
Water: A Limited Resource | |
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| |
The Importance of Water | |
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| |
Properties of Water | |
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| |
The Hydrologic Cycle and Our Supply of Fresh Water | |
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| |
Water Use and Resource Problems | |
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| |
Too Much Water | |
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| |
Too Little Water | |
| |
| |
Water Problems in the United States and Canada | |
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| |
Surface Water | |
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| |
Groundwater | |
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| |
Global Water Problems | |
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| |
Water and Climate Change | |
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| |
Drinking-Water Problems | |
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| |
Population Growth and Water Problems | |
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| |
Sharing Water Resources Among Countries | |
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| |
Water Management | |
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| |
Providing a Sustainable Water Supply | |
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| |
Water Conservation | |
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| |
Reducing Agricultural Water Waste | |
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| |
Reducing Industrial Water Waste | |
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| |
Reducing Municipal Water Waste | |
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| |
Case In Point The Floods of 2008 | |
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| |
You Can Make A Difference Conserving Water at Home | |
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| |
Soil Resources | |
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| |
The Soil System | |
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| |
State Factors: Soil-Forming Factors | |
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| |
Soil Composition | |
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| |
Soil Horizons | |
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| |
Soil Organisms | |
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| |
Nutrient Cycling | |
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| |
Soil Properties and Major Soil Types | |
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| |
Soil Acidity | |
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| |
Major Soil Groups | |
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| |
Environmental Problems Related to Soil | |
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| |
Soil Erosion | |
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| |
Nutrient Mineral Depletion | |
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| |
Soil Salinization | |
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| |
Desertification | |
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| |
Soil Conservation and Regeneration | |
| |
| |
Conservation Tillage | |
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| |
Crop Rotation | |
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| |
Contour Plowing, Strip Cropping, and Terracing | |
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| |
Preserving Soil Fertility | |
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| |
Soil Reclamation | |
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| |
Agroforestry | |
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| |
Soil Conservation Policies in the United States | |
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| |
Case In Point The American Dust Bowl | |
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| |
You Can Make A Difference Composting and Mulching | |
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| |
| |
Mineral Resources | |
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| |
Introduction to Minerals | |
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| |
Mineral Distribution and Formation | |
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| |
How Minerals are Found, Extracted, and Processed | |
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| |
Environmental Impacts Associated with Minerals | |
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| |
Mining and The Environment | |
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Environmental Impacts of Refining Minerals | |
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| |
Restoration of Mining Lands | |
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| |
Minerals: An International Perspective | |
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| |
Worldwide Mineral Consumption | |
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Mineral Distribution Versus Consumption | |
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| |
Will We Run Out of Important Minerals? | |
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| |
Increasing the Supply of Minerals | |
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| |
Locating and Mining New Deposits | |
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| |
Minerals in Antarctica | |
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| |
Minerals from the Ocean | |
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| |
Advanced Mining and Processing Technologies | |
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| |
Using Substitution and Conservation to Expand Mineral Supplies | |
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| |
Finding Mineral Substitutes | |
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| |
Mineral Conservation | |
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| |
Case In Point Copper Basin, Tennessee | |
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| |
Meeting The Challenge Industrial Ecosystems | |
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| |
Biological Resources | |
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| |
Biological Diversity | |
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| |
Why We Need Organisms | |
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| |
Extinction and Species Endangerment | |
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| |
Endangered and Threatened Species | |
| |
| |
Where is Declining Biological Diversity the Greatest Problem? | |
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| |
Human Causes of Species Endangerment | |
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| |
Conservation Biology | |
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| |
In Situ Conservation: Protecting Habitats | |
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| |
Restoring Damaged or Destroyed Habitats | |
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| |
Zoos, Aquaria, Botanical Gardens, and Seed Banks | |
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| |
Conservation Organizations | |
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| |
Conservation Policies and Laws | |
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| |
Habitat Conservation Plans | |
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| |
International Conservation Policies and Laws | |
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| |
Wildlife Management | |
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| |
Management of Migratory Animals | |
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| |
Management of Aquatic Organisms | |
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| |
You Can Make A Difference Addressing Declining Biological Diversity | |
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| |
Case In Point Disappearing Frogs | |
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Meeting The Challenge Dealing Effectively with Fragmented Habitats | |
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Land Resources | |
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| |
Land Use | |
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| |
World Land Use | |
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| |
Land Use in the United States | |
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| |
Wilderness, Parks, and Wildlife Refuges | |
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National Parks | |
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Wildlife Refuges | |
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| |
Forests | |
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| |
Forest Management | |
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| |
Deforestation | |
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| |
Forest Trends in the United States | |
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| |
Trends in Tropical Forests | |
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| |
Boreal Forests and Deforestation | |
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| |
Rangelands and Agricultural Lands | |
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| |
Rangeland Degradation and Desertification | |
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| |
Rangeland Trends in the United States | |
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| |
Agricultural Lands | |
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| |
Wetlands and Coastal Areas | |
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| |
Coastlines | |
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| |
Conservation of Land Resources | |
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| |
Meeting The Challenge Preserving Forests in the Eastern | |
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States | |
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| |
Case In Point Tongass National Forest | |
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Food Resources | |
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| |
World Food Security | |
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| |
Famines | |
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| |
Maintaining Grain Stocks | |
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| |
Economic and Political Effects on Food Security | |
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| |
Poverty and Food | |
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| |
Food Production | |
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| |
The Main Types of Agriculture | |
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| |
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock | |
| |
| |
The Effect of Domestication on Genetic Diversity | |
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| |
Increasing Crop Yields | |
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| |
Increasing Livestock Yields | |
| |
| |
The Gene Revolution | |
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| |
The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture | |
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| |
Cultivating Marginal Lands | |
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| |
Solutions to Agricultural Problems | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Agriculture | |
| |
| |
Making Subsistence Agriculture Sustainable and More | |
| |
| |
Productive | |
| |
| |
Fisheries of the World | |
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| |
Problems and Challenges for the Fishing Industry | |
| |
| |
Ocean Pollution and Deteriorating Habitat | |
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| |
Aquaculture: Fish Farming | |
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| |
You Can Make A Difference Vegetarian Diets | |
| |
| |
Case In Point The Green Revolution | |
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| |
Meeting The Challenge Certified Environmental Management Systems for Agriculture | |
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| |
| |
Air Pollution | |
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| |
The Atmosphere as a Resource | |
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| |
Types and Sources of Air Pollution | |
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| |
Major Classes of Air Pollutants | |
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| |
Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution | |
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| |
Urban Air Pollution | |
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| |
Effects of Air Pollution | |
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| |
Air Pollution and Human Health | |
| |
| |
Controlling Air Pollution in the United States | |
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| |
Controlling Air Pollutants | |
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| |
The Clean Air Act | |
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| |
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere | |
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| |
The Causes of Ozone Depletion | |
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| |
The Effects of Ozone Depletion | |
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| |
Facilitating the Recovery of the Ozone Layer | |
| |
| |
Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
Measuring Acidity | |
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| |
How Acid Deposition Develops | |
| |
| |
The Effects of Acid Deposition | |
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| |
The Politics of Acid Deposition | |
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| |
Facilitating Recovery from Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
Air Pollution Around the World | |
| |
| |
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
Indoor Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
Controlling Indoor Air Pollution | |
| |
| |
Indoor Tobacco Smoke | |
| |
| |
Radon | |
| |
| |
Case In Point Efforts to Reduce Ozone In Southern California | |
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| |
Meeting The Challenge States Adopt Low Carbon Fuel Standard | |
| |
| |
Case In Point Air Pollution In Beijing And Mexico City | |
| |
| |
| |
Global Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Introduction to Climate Change | |
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| |
The Causes of Global Climate Change | |
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| |
Pollutants That Cool the Atmosphere | |
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| |
Developing and Using Climate Models | |
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| |
Unpredictable and Extreme Climate Change | |
| |
| |
The Effects of Global Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels | |
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| |
Changes in Precipitation Patterns | |
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| |
Effects on Organisms | |
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| |
Effects on Human Health | |
| |
| |
Effects on Agriculture | |
| |
| |
International Implications of Global Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Links among Global Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Deposition | |
| |
| |
Dealing with Global Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Mitigation of Global Climate Change | |
| |
| |
Adaptation to Global Climate Change | |
| |
| |
International Efforts to Reduce Greenhouse Gas | |
| |
| |
Emissions | |
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| |
Case In Point Impacts In Fragile Areas | |
| |
| |
| |
Water Pollution | |
| |
| |
Types of Water Pollution | |
| |
| |
Sewage | |
| |
| |
Disease-Causing Agents | |
| |
| |
Sediment Pollution | |
| |
| |
Inorganic Plant and Algal Nutrients | |
| |
| |
Organic Compounds | |
| |
| |
Inorganic Chemicals | |
| |
| |
Radioactive Substances | |
| |
| |
Thermal Pollution | |
| |
| |
Water Quality Today | |
| |
| |
Water Pollution from Agriculture | |
| |
| |
Municipal Water Pollution | |
| |
| |
Industrial Wastes in Water | |
| |
| |
Groundwater Pollution | |
| |
| |
Water Pollution in Other Countries | |
| |
| |
Improving Water Quality | |
| |
| |
Purification of Drinking Water | |
| |
| |
Municipal Sewage Treatment | |
| |
| |
Individual Septic Systems | |
| |
| |
Alternative Wastewater Treatment Systems | |
| |
| |
Laws Controlling Water Pollution | |
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Safe Drinking Water Act | |
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Clean Water Act | |
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Laws that Protect Groundwater | |
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Case In Point Green Chemistry | |
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You Can Make A Difference Preventing Water Pollution | |
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Meeting The Challenge Using Citizen Watchdogs to Monitor Water Pollution | |
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Pest Management | |
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What Is a Pesticide? | |
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First-Generation and Second-Generation Pesticides | |
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The Major Groups of Insecticides | |
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The Major Kinds of Herbicides | |
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Benefits and Problems with Pesticides | |
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Benefit: Disease Control | |
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Benefit: Crop Protection | |
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Problem: Evolution of Genetic Resistance | |
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Problem: Imbalances in the Ecosystem | |
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Problems: Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological | |
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Magnification | |
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Problem: Mobility in the Environment | |
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Risks of Pesticides to Human Health | |
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Short-Term Effects of Pesticides | |
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Long-Term Effects of Pesticides | |
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Pesticides as Endocrine Disrupters | |
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Alternatives to Pesticides | |
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Using Cultivation Methods to Control Pests | |
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Biological Controls | |
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Pheromones and Hormones | |
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Reproductive Controls | |
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Genetic Controls | |
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Quarantine | |
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The Systems Approach: Integrated Pest Management | |
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Irradiating Foods | |
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Laws Controlling Pesticide Use | |
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act | |
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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | |
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Food Quality Protection Act | |
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The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticide | |
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The Importation of Food Tainted With Banned Pesticides | |
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The Global Ban on Persistent Organic Pollutants | |
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Case In Point Bt, its Potential and Problems | |
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You Can Make A Difference Avoiding Pesticide use at Home | |
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Case In Point Economic Development and Pesticides in Central America | |
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Solid and Hazardous Wastes | |
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Solid Waste | |
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Types of Solid Waste | |
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Open Dumps | |
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Sanitary Landfills | |
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Incineration | |
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Composting | |
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Waste Prevention | |
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Reducing the Amount of Waste: Source Reduction | |
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Reusing Products | |
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Recycling Materials | |
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Integrated Waste Management | |
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Hazardous Waste | |
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Types of Hazardous Waste | |
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Management of Hazardous Waste | |
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Meeting The Challenge Reusing and Recycling Old Automobiles | |
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Case In Point Hanford Nuclear Reservation | |
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Tomorrow���s World | |
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Living Sustainably | |
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Sustainable Living: A Plan of Action | |
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Eliminating Poverty and Stabilizing the Human Population | |
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Protecting and Restoring Earth���s Resources | |
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Providing Adequate Food for all People | |
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Mitigating Climate Change | |
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Designing Sustainable Cities | |
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Changing Personal Attitudes and Practices | |
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The Role of Education | |
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What Kind of World Do We Want? | |
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Meeting The Challenge Microcredit Programs | |
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Case In Point Jakarta, Indonesia | |
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Appendices | |
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Review of Basic Chemistry A-1 | |
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Graphing A-6 | |
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Models and Modeling A-8 | |
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Units of Measure: Some Useful Conversions A-10 | |
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Abbreviations, Formulas, and Acronyms Used in This Text A-11 | |
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Glossary G-1 | |
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Index I-1 | |