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| Preface | |
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| Dating Methods and the Quaternary | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Development of Quaternary Dating | |
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| Precision and Accuracy in Dating | |
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| Atomic Structure, Radioactivity and Radiometric Dating | |
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| The Quaternary: Stratigraphic Framework and Terminology | |
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| The Scope and Content of the Book | |
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| Notes | |
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| Radiometric Dating 1: Radiocarbon Dating | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| Radiocarbon Measurement | |
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| Beta Counting | |
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| Accelerator Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Extending the Radiocarbon Timescale | |
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| Laboratory Intercomparisons | |
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| Sources of Error in Radiocarbon Dating | |
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| Contamination | |
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| Isotopic Fractionation | |
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| Marine Reservoir Effects | |
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| Long-Term Variations in [superscript 14]C Production | |
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| Some Problematic Dating Materials | |
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| Lake Sediments | |
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| Shell | |
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| Bone | |
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| Soil | |
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| Calibration of the Radiocarbon Timescale | |
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| Dendrochronological Calibration | |
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| The INTCAL Calibration | |
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| Extending the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve | |
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| Bayesian Analysis and Radiocarbon Calibration | |
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| Wiggle-Match Dating | |
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| Applications of Radiocarbon Dating | |
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| Radiocarbon Dating: Some Routine Applications | |
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| Dating of plant macrofossils: Lateglacial cereal cultivation in the valley of the Euphrates | |
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| Dating of charcoal: a Holocene palaeoenvironmental record from western Germany | |
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| Dating of peat: a Holocene palaeoclimatic record from northern England | |
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| Dating of organic lake mud: a multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental record from Lake Rutundu, East Africa | |
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| Dating of marine micropalaeontological records: an example of a problem from the North Atlantic | |
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| Dating of marine shell: a Holocene aeolianite from Mexico | |
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| Dating of bone: the earliest humans in the Americas | |
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| Radiocarbon Dating of Other Materials | |
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| Dating of textiles: the 'Shroud of Turin' | |
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| Dating of old documents: the Vinland Map | |
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| Dating of lime mortar: medieval churches in Finland | |
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| Dating of hair: radiocarbon dates and DNA from individual animal hairs | |
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| Dating of iron artefacts: the Himeji nail and the Damascus sword | |
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| Dating of pottery: the earliest pottery in Japan | |
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| Dating of rock art: Palaeolithic cave paintings in Spain and France | |
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| Notes | |
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| Radiometric Dating 2: Dating Using Long-Lived and Short-Lived Radioactive Isotopes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Argon-Isotope Dating | |
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| Principles of Potassium-Argon Dating | |
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| Principles of Argon-Argon Dating | |
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| Some Assumptions and Problems Associated with Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating | |
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| Some Applications of Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating | |
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| Potassium-argon and argon-argon dating of the dispersal of Early Pleistocene hominids | |
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| [superscript 40]Ar/[superscript 39]Ar dating of anatomically modern Homo sapiens from Ethiopia | |
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| [superscript 40]Ar/[superscript 39]Ar dating of historical materials: the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 | |
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| [superscript 40]Ar/[superscript 39]Ar dating and geological provenancing of a stone axe from Stonehenge, England | |
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| Uranium-Series Dating | |
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| Principles of U-Series Dating | |
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| Some Problems Associated with U-Series Dating | |
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| Some Applications of U-Series Dating | |
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| Dating the Last Interglacial high sea-level stand in Hawaii | |
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| Dating of early hominid remains from China | |
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| Dating of a speleothem from northern Norway | |
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| Dating of fluvial terraces in Wyoming, USA | |
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| Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating | |
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| Principles of Cosmogenic Nuclide (CN) Dating | |
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| Sources of Error in CN Dating | |
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| Some Applications of CN Dating | |
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| Cosmogenic dating of two Late Pleistocene glacial advances in Alaska | |
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| Cosmogenic dating of the Salpausselka I formation in Finland | |
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| Cosmogenic dating of Holocene landsliding, The Storr, Isle of Skye, Scotland | |
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| Cosmogenic dating of alluvial deposits, Ajo Mountains, southern Arizona, USA | |
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| Dating Using Short-Lived Isotopes | |
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| Lead-210 ([superscript 210]Pb) | |
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| Caesium-137 ([superscript 137]Cs) | |
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| Silicon-32 ([superscript 32]Si) | |
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| Some Problems in Using Short-Lived Isotopes | |
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| Some Dating Applications Using Short-Lived Isotopes | |
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| Dating a record of human impact in a lake sequence in northern England | |
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| Dating a 500-year lake sediment/temperature record from Baffin Island, Canada | |
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| [superscript 32]Si dating of marine sediments from Bangladesh | |
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| Notes | |
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| Radiometric Dating 3: Radiation Exposure Dating | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Luminescence Dating | |
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| Thermoluminescence (TL) | |
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| Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) | |
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| Sources of Error in Luminescence Dating | |
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| Some Applications of Luminescence Dating | |
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| TL dating of Early Iron Age iron smelting in Ghana | |
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| TL and AMS radiocarbon dating of pottery from the Russian Far East | |
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| TL dating of burnt flint from a cave site in France | |
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| TL dating of the first humans in South America | |
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| OSL dating of young coastal dunes in the northern Netherlands | |
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| OSL dating of dune sands from Blombos Cave, South Africa: single and multiple grain data | |
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| OSL dating of fluvial deposits in the lower Mississippi Valley, USA | |
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| OSL dating of marine deposits in Denmark | |
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| Electron Spin Resonance Dating | |
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| Principles of ESR Dating | |
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| Sources of Error in ESR Dating | |
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| Some Applications of ESR Dating | |
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| ESR dating of teeth from the Hoxnian Interglacial type locality, England | |
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| ESR dating of mollusc shells from the Northern Caucasus and the earliest humans in eastern Europe | |
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| ESR dating of Holocene coral: an experimental approach | |
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| ESR dating of quartz: the Toba super-eruption | |
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| Fission Track Dating | |
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| Principles of Fission Track Dating | |
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| Some Problems Associated with Fission Track Dating | |
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| Some Applications of Fission Track Dating | |
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| Fission track dating of glacial events in Argentina | |
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| Fission track dating of a Middle Pleistocene fossiliferous sequence from central Italy | |
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| Dating of obsidian in the Andes, South America, and the sourcing of artefacts | |
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| Notes | |
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| Dating Using Annually Banded Records | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dendrochronology | |
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| Principles of Dendrochronology | |
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| Problems Associated with Dendrochronology | |
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| Dendrochronological Series | |
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| Applications of Dendrochronology | |
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| Dating a 2000-year temperature record for the northern hemisphere | |
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| Dating historical precipitation records | |
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| Dating volcanic events | |
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| Dating archaeological evidence | |
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| Varve Chronology | |
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| The Nature of Varved Sediments | |
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| Sources of Error in Varve Chronologies | |
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| Applications of Varve Chronologies | |
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| Dating regional patterns of deglaciation in Scandinavia | |
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| Dating prehistoric land-use changes | |
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| Dating long-term climatic and environmental changes | |
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| Varve sequences and the radiocarbon timescale | |
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| Lichenometry | |
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| Principles of Lichenometric Dating | |
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| Problems Associated with Lichenometric Dating | |
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| Lichenometry and Late Holocene Environments | |
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| Dating post-Little Ice Age glacier recession in Norway | |
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| Dating rock glaciers and Little Ice Age moraines in the Sierra Nevada, western USA | |
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| Dating Late Holocene rockfall activity on a Norwegian talus slope | |
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| Dating archaeological features on raised shorelines in northern Sweden | |
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| Annual Layers in Glacier Ice | |
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| Ice-Core Chronologies | |
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| Errors in Ice-Core Chronologies | |
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| Ice Cores and the Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Record | |
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| Dating climatic instability as revealed in the Greenland ice cores | |
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| Dating rapid climate change: the end of the Younger Dryas in Greenland | |
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| Dating long-term variations in atmospheric Greenhouse Trace Gases | |
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| Dating human impact on climate as reflected in ice-core records | |
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| Other Media Dated by Annual Banding | |
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| Speleothems | |
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| Dating a proxy record for twentieth-century precipitation from Poole's Cavern, England | |
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| Dating climate variability in central China over the last 1270 years | |
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| Corals | |
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| Dating a 420-year-coral-based palaeoenvironmental record from the southwestern Pacific | |
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| Dating a 240-year palaeoprecipitation record from Florida, USA | |
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| Molluscs | |
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| The development of a sclerochronology using the long-lived bivalve Arctica islandica | |
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| The development of a 'clam-ring' master chronology from a short-lived bivalve mollusc and its palaeoenvironmental significance | |
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| Notes | |
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| Relative Dating Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rock Surface Weathering | |
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| Surface Weathering Features | |
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| Problems in Using Surface Weathering Features to Establish Relative Chronologies | |
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| Applications of Surface Weathering Dating | |
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| Relative dating of Holocene glacier flucturations in the Nepal Himalaya | |
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| Relative dating of periglacial trimlines in northwest Scotland | |
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| Relative dating of archaeological features by Lake Superior, Canada | |
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| Obsidian Hydration Dating | |
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| The Hydration Layer | |
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| Problems with Obsidian Hydration Dating | |
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| Some Applications of Obsidian Hydration Dating | |
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| Dating of a Pleistocene age site, Manus Island, Papua New Guinea | |
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| Dating of fluvially reworked sediment in Montana, USA | |
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| Pedogenesis | |
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| Soil Development Indices | |
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| Problems in Using Pedogenesis as a Basis for Dating | |
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| Some Applications of Dating Based on Pedogenesis | |
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| Relative dating of moraines in the Sierra Nevada, California | |
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| Dating glacial events in southeastern Peru | |
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| Relative Dating of Fossil Bone | |
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| Post-Burial Changes in Fossil Bone | |
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| Problems in the Relative Dating of Bone | |
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| Some Applications of the Relative Dating of Bone | |
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| Fluoride dating of mastodon bone from an early palaeoindian site, eastern USA | |
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| Chemical dating of animal bones from Sweden | |
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| Amino Acid Geochronology | |
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| Proteins and Amino Acids | |
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| Amino Acid Diagenesis | |
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| Problems with Amino Acid Geochronology | |
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| Applications of Amino Acid Geochronlogy | |
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| Dating and correlation of the last interglacial shoreline ([similar]MOI substage 5e) in Australia using aminostratigraphy | |
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| Quaternary aminostratigraphy in northwestern France based on non-marine molluscs | |
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| Dating the earliest modern humans in southern Africa using amino acid ratios in ostrich eggshell | |
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| Dating sea-level change in the Bahamas over the last half million years | |
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| Notes | |
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| Techniques for Establishing Age Equivalence | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Oxygen Isotope Chronostratigraphy | |
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| Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages | |
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| Dating the Marine Oxygen Isotope Record | |
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| Problems with the Marine Oxygen Isotope Record | |
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| Tephrochronology | |
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| Tephras in Quaternary Sediments | |
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| Dating of Tephra Horizons | |
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| Problems with Tephrochronology | |
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| Applications of Tephrochronology | |
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| Dating the first human impact in New Zealand using tephrochronology | |
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| Dating and correlating events in the North Atlantic region during the Last Glacial-Interglacial transition using tephrochronology | |
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| Dating Middle Pleistocene artefacts and cultural traditions in East Africa using tephrostratigraphy | |
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| Dating Early and Middle Pleistocene glaciations in Yukon by tephrochronology | |
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| Palaeomagnetism | |
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| The Earth's Magnetic Field | |
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| The Palaeomagnetic Record in Rocks and Sediments | |
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| Magetostratigraphy | |
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| Polarity changes and the palaeomagnetic timescale | |
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| Secular variations | |
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| Mineral magnetic potential | |
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| Some Problems with Palaeomagnetic Dating | |
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| Applications of Palaeomagnetic Dating | |
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| Dating lake sediments using palaeosecular variations | |
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| Palaeomagnetic correlations between Scandinavian Ice Sheet fluctuations and Greenland ice-core records | |
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| Palaeomagnetic dating of the earliest humans in Europe | |
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| Palaeomagnetic dating of the Sterkfontein hominid, South Africa | |
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| Palaeosols | |
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| The Nature of Palaeosols | |
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| Palaeosols as Soil-Stratigraphic Units | |
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| Some Problems with Using Palaeosols to Establish Age Equivalence | |
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| Applications of Palaeosols in the Establishment of Age Equivalence | |
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| Buried palaeosols on the Avonmouth Level, southwest England: stratigraphic markers in Holocene intertidal sediments | |
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| The Valley Farm and Barham Soils: key stratigraphic marker horizons in southeast England | |
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| Correlation between the Chinese loess-palaeosol sequence and the deep-ocean core record for the past 2.5 million years | |
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| Notes | |
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| Dating the Future | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radiometric Dating | |
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| Annually Banded Records | |
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| Age Equivalence | |
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| Biomolecular Dating | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |