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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The geography of crime | |
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| A brief history of GIS and crime mapping | |
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| Using GIS in policing and to prevent crime | |
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| The audience for this book | |
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| The content and structure of the book | |
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| Putting it all in perspective | |
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| Case study: Crime mapping in Lincoln, Nebraska | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Mapping and the Criminal Justice Environment | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The terminology of services in the criminal justice environment | |
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| The spatial hierarchy of the criminal justice system and crime reduction services | |
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| Case study: Policing across the spatial hierarchy in the UK - The National Intelligence Model | |
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| The geographical jurisdiction of law enforcement and crime reduction services | |
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| The use of crime mapping in law enforcement and crime reduction | |
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| Case study: Using GIS to monitor the effect of alley-gating schemes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| The Basics of Crime Mapping | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| What is a GIS? | |
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| How does a GIS work? | |
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| GIS files | |
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| Coordinate systems and projections | |
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| Getting crime data into a GIS | |
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| Case study: Using GPS technology to capture environmental crime incidents in North London, England | |
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| Geocoding in the real world | |
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| Address data cleaning | |
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| Address reference files | |
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| Case study: Geocoding crime data at the point of record entry in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland | |
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| Geocoding Functions | |
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| Geocoding and fitness for purpose | |
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| Measuring geocoding accuracy | |
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| Case study: Handling uncertainty and incompleteness in crime records | |
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| Mapping and unreported crime data | |
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| Editing data in a GIS | |
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| Performing queries on data in a GIS | |
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| Performing spatial functions and integrating data in a GIS | |
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| Asking spatial questions before mapping or analysing data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Spatial Theories of Crime | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early environmental criminology | |
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| The space and time of offences | |
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| Offender-offence interaction | |
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| Spatial crime theory in practice | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Spatial Statistics for Crime Analysis | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spatial processes | |
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| Centrographic statistics | |
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| Estimates of spatial dependence | |
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| Case study: The application of Moran's I on burglary at the state level in the United States of America | |
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| Spatial regression models | |
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| Case study: A spatial lag model of anonymous narcotics tips in Philadelphia, USA | |
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| Case study: Local spatial processes with Geographically Weighted Regression | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Identifying Crime Hotspots | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| When is a hotspot 'hot'? | |
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| Point maps | |
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| Geographic boundary thematic mapping | |
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| Grid thematic mapping | |
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| Continuous surface smoothing methods | |
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| Case study: Mapping hotspots of thefts of vehicles in Camden, London | |
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| Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) statistics | |
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| Considering the underlying population | |
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| Case study: Identifying street crime risk hotspots in the West End of London using pedestrian counts | |
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| Predictive crime mapping | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Mapping Crime with Local Community Data | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What are crime reduction partnerships? | |
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| Mapping and the benefits of partnership working | |
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| Case study: Comparing the perception of where crime happens with where crime actually happens | |
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| Partnership data | |
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| Case study: Crime And Disorder Information Exchange (CADDIE), Sussex, England | |
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| Information sharing | |
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| Case study: The Amethyst Crime and Disorder Information Hub, Cornwall, England | |
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| Combining data from different geographic units | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Mapping and Analysing Change Over Time | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The timeline | |
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| Temporal resolution and querying a temporal database | |
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| Comparing two distributions | |
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| Mapping temporal change with graphs | |
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| Using animation | |
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| Quantifying change over time | |
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| Aoristic analysis | |
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| Case study: Aoristic analysis of vehicle crime in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Mapping for Operational Police Activities | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| CompStat | |
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| Case study: CompStat mapping in the Philadelphia Police Department | |
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| Case study: CompStat from a management perspective | |
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| Intelligence products in the UK | |
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| Repeat victimisation | |
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| The hotspot matrix | |
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| Case study: A street crime hotspot matrix | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Tactical and Investigative Crime Mapping Applications | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Understanding offenders | |
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| The journey to crime | |
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| Case study: The journey to crime and the 'self-containment index' | |
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| Geographic profiling | |
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| Case study: Geographic profile for Operation Lynx | |
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| Using maps as evidence | |
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| Case study: Using maps as evidence in a murder trial in Florida | |
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| Detecting offenders through their self-selection | |
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| Case study: Self-selection of offenders through illegal parking in disabled parking bays | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Policing the Causes of Crime | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction - the level of strategic crime control | |
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| Policing for crime reduction | |
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| Case study: Supporting strategic crime analysis in London, England | |
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| Analysing the underlying drivers of crime | |
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| The geography of neighbourhood studies | |
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| Case study: Street corner geography for street corner problems? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Crime Map Cartography | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction - the purpose of the map | |
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| Design considerations | |
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| Visual variables and colour | |
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| Thematic maps of areal data | |
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| Thematic maps of point data | |
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| Getting away from paper: The digital age | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| The Management and Organisation of Crime Mapping Services | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Implementing crime mapping | |
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| Understanding the role of crime analysis | |
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| Case study: Crime mapping and analysis in the Glendale Police Department, Arizona | |
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| Organising the production of crime mapping products | |
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| Case study: Project Spectrom - a new operational policing model for West Midlands Police, England | |
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| Case study: The importance of management to support crime analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |