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| Preface | |
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| Foreword to the first edition | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Symbols | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hydrogen Fuel Cells--Basic Principles | |
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| What Limits the Current? | |
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| Connecting Cells in Series--the Bipolar Plate | |
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| Gas Supply and Cooling | |
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| Fuel Cell Types | |
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| Other Cells--Some Fuel Cells, Some Not | |
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| Biological fuel cells | |
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| Metal/air cells | |
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| Redox flow cells or regenerative fuel cells | |
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| Other Parts of a Fuel Cell System | |
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| Figures Used to Compare Systems | |
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| Advantages and Applications | |
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| References | |
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| Efficiency and Open Circuit Voltage | |
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| Energy and the EMF of the Hydrogen Fuel Cell | |
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| The Open Circuit Voltage of Other Fuel Cells and Batteries | |
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| Efficiency and Efficiency Limits | |
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| Efficiency and the Fuel Cell Voltage | |
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| The Effect of Pressure and Gas Concentration | |
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| The Nernst equation | |
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| Hydrogen partial pressure | |
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| Fuel and oxidant utilisation | |
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| System pressure | |
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| An application--blood alcohol measurement | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Operational Fuel Cell Voltages | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Fuel Cell Irreversibilities--Causes of Voltage Drop | |
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| Activation Losses | |
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| The Tafel equation | |
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| The constants in the Tafel equation | |
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| Reducing the activation overvoltage | |
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| Summary of activation overvoltage | |
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| Fuel Crossover and Internal Currents | |
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| Ohmic Losses | |
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| Mass Transport or Concentration Losses | |
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| Combining the Irreversibilities | |
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| The Charge Double Layer | |
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| Distinguishing the Different Irreversibilities | |
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| References | |
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| Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells | |
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| Overview | |
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| How the Polymer Electrolyte Works | |
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| Electrodes and Electrode Structure | |
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| Water Management in the PEMFC | |
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| Overview of the problem | |
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| Airflow and water evaporation | |
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| Humidity of PEMFC air | |
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| Running PEM fuel cells without extra humidification | |
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| External humidification--principles | |
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| External humidification--methods | |
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| PEM Fuel Cell Cooling and Air Supply | |
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| Cooling using the cathode air supply | |
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| Separate reactant and cooling air | |
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| Water cooling of PEM fuel cells | |
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| PEM Fuel Cell Connection--the Bipolar Plate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Flow field patterns on the bipolar plates | |
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| Making bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells | |
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| Other topologies | |
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| Operating Pressure | |
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| Outline of the problem | |
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| Simple quantitative cost/benefit analysis of higher operating pressures | |
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| Other factors affecting choice of pressure | |
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| Reactant Composition | |
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| Carbon monoxide poisoning | |
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| Methanol and other liquid fuels | |
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| Using pure oxygen in place of air | |
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| Example Systems | |
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| Small 12-W system | |
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| Medium 2-kW system | |
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| 205-kW fuel cell engine | |
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| References | |
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| Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells | |
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| Historical Background and Overview | |
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| Basic principles | |
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| Historical importance | |
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| Main advantages | |
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| Types of Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cell | |
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| Mobile electrolyte | |
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| Static electrolyte alkaline fuel cells | |
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| Dissolved fuel alkaline fuel cells | |
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| Operating Pressure and Temperature | |
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| Electrodes for Alkaline Electrolyte Fuel Cells | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sintered nickel powder | |
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| Raney metals | |
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| Rolled electrodes | |
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| Cell Interconnections | |
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| Problems and Development | |
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| References | |
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| Direct Methanol Fuel Cells | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Anode Reaction and Catalysts | |
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| Overall DMFC reaction | |
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| Anode reactions in the alkaline DMFC | |
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| Anode reactions in the PEM direct methanol FC | |
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| Anode fuel feed | |
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| Anode catalysts | |
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| Electrolyte and Fuel Crossover | |
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| How fuel crossover occurs | |
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| Standard techniques for reducing fuel crossover | |
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| Fuel crossover techniques in development | |
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| Cathode Reactions and Catalysts | |
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| Methanol Production, Storage, and Safety | |
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| Methanol production | |
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| Methanol safety | |
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| Methanol compared to ethanol | |
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| Methanol storage | |
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| Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Applications | |
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| References | |
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| Medium and High Temperature Fuel Cells | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Common Features | |
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| An introduction to fuel reforming | |
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| Fuel utilisation | |
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| Bottoming cycles | |
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| The use of heat exchangers--exergy and pinch technology | |
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| The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) | |
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| How it works | |
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| Performance of the PAFC | |
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| Recent developments in PAFC | |
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| The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) | |
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| How it works | |
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| Implications of using a molten carbonate electrolyte | |
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| Cell components in the MCFC | |
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| Stack configuration and sealing | |
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| Internal reforming | |
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| Performance of MCFCS | |
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| Practical MCFC systems | |
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| The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell | |
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| How it works | |
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| SOFC components | |
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| Practical design and stacking arrangements for the SOFC | |
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| SOFC performance | |
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| SOFC combined cycles, novel system designs and hybrid systems | |
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| Intermediate temperature SOFCs | |
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| References | |
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| Fuelling Fuel Cells | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fossil Fuels | |
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| Petroleum | |
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| Petroleum in mixtures: tar sands, oil shales, gas hydrates, and LPG | |
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| Coal and coal gases | |
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| Natural gas | |
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| Bio-Fuels | |
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| The Basics of Fuel Processing | |
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| Fuel cell requirements | |
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| Desulphurisation | |
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| Steam reforming | |
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| Carbon formation and pre-reforming | |
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| Internal reforming | |
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| Direct hydrocarbon oxidation | |
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| Partial oxidation and autothermal reforming | |
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| Hydrogen generation by pyrolysis or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons | |
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| Further fuel processing--carbon monoxide removal | |
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| Practical Fuel Processing--Stationary Applications | |
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| Conventional industrial steam reforming | |
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| System designs for natural gas fed PEMFC and PAFC plants with steam reformers | |
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| Reformer and partial oxidation designs | |
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| Practical Fuel Processing--Mobile Applications | |
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| General issues | |
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| Methanol reforming for vehicles | |
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| Micro-scale methanol reactors | |
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| Gasoline reforming | |
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| Electrolysers | |
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| Operation of electrolysers | |
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| Applications of electrolysers | |
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| Electrolyser efficiency | |
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| Generating at high pressure | |
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| Photo-electrolysis | |
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| Biological Production of Hydrogen | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Photosynthesis | |
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| Hydrogen production by digestion processes | |
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| Hydrogen Storage I--Storage as Hydrogen | |
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| Introduction to the problem | |
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| Safety | |
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| The storage of hydrogen as a compressed gas | |
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| Storage of hydrogen as a liquid | |
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| Reversible metal hydride hydrogen stores | |
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| Carbon nanofibres | |
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| Storage methods compared | |
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| Hydrogen Storage II--Chemical Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methanol | |
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| Alkali metal hydrides | |
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| Sodium borohydride | |
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| Ammonia | |
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| Storage methods compared | |
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| References | |
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| Compressors, Turbines, Ejectors, Fans, Blowers, and Pumps | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Compressors--Types Used | |
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| Compressor Efficiency | |
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| Compressor Power | |
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| Compressor Performance Charts | |
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| Performance Charts for Centrifugal Compressors | |
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| Compressor Selection--Practical Issues | |
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| Turbines | |
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| Turbochargers | |
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| Ejector Circulators | |
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| Fans and Blowers | |
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| Membrane/Diaphragm Pumps | |
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| References | |
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| Delivering Fuel Cell Power | |
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| Introduction | |
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| DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion | |
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| Switching devices | |
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| Switching regulators | |
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| Inverters | |
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| Single phase | |
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| Three phase | |
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| Regulatory issues and tariffs | |
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| Power factor correction | |
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| Electric Motors | |
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| General points | |
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| The induction motor | |
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| The brushless DC motor | |
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| Switched reluctance motors | |
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| Motors efficiency | |
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| Motor mass | |
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| Fuel Cell/Battery or Capacitor Hybrid Systems | |
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| References | |
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| Fuel Cell Systems Analysed | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy Systems | |
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| Well-To-Wheels Analysis | |
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| Importance of well-to-wheels analysis | |
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| Well-to-tank analysis | |
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| Main conclusions of the GM well-to-wheels study | |
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| Power-Train or Drive-Train Analysis | |
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| Example System I--PEMFC Powered Bus | |
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| Example System II--Stationary Natural Gas Fuelled System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Flow sheet and conceptual systems designs | |
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| Detailed engineering designs | |
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| Further systems analysis | |
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| Closing Remarks | |
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| References | |
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| Change in Molar Gibbs Free Energy Calculations | |
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| Hydrogen Fuel Cell | |
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| The Carbon Monoxide Fuel Cell | |
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| References | |
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| Useful Fuel Cell Equations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Oxygen and Air Usage | |
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| Air Exit Flow Rate | |
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| Hydrogen Usage | |
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| Water Production | |
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| Heat Produced | |
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| Index | |