| |
| |
About the Author | |
| |
| |
Series Preface | |
| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Interrogations and Confessions | |
| |
| |
| |
Interrogation Tactics and Techniques | |
| |
| |
Police Training Manuals | |
| |
| |
The Reid Technique | |
| |
| |
The Format and Recording of the Confession | |
| |
| |
The Context of the Interrogation | |
| |
| |
American Research on Interrogation | |
| |
| |
How Things Can Go Wrong During Interrogation | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Interrogation in Britain | |
| |
| |
Irving's Studies | |
| |
| |
Softley's Study | |
| |
| |
Walsh's Study | |
| |
| |
Research at the University of Kent | |
| |
| |
Baldwin's Study | |
| |
| |
British Training Manuals | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Persons at Risk During Interviews in Police Custody: the Royal Commission Studies | |
| |
| |
The 1993 Royal Commission Study by Gudjonsson and Colleagues | |
| |
| |
Who Confesses? | |
| |
| |
Detainees' Legal Rights | |
| |
| |
General Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Identification and Measurement of 'Oppressive' Police Interviewing Tactics in Britain. | |
| |
| |
| |
Background to the Research | |
| |
| |
The Cases Analysed | |
| |
| |
Methodology | |
| |
| |
Interview Tactics | |
| |
| |
Suspects' Responses | |
| |
| |
Methodological Issues | |
| |
| |
Statistical Procedures | |
| |
| |
Application of the Framework to Individual Cases | |
| |
| |
The Heron Murder Case | |
| |
| |
The Miller Murder Case | |
| |
| |
Court Outcome | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Why do Suspects Confess? Theories | |
| |
| |
Factors Inhibiting Confession | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Models of Confession | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Why do Suspects Confess? Empirical Findings | |
| |
| |
How Important are Confessions? | |
| |
| |
How Commonly do Suspects Confess? | |
| |
| |
Factors Associated with Admissions and Denials | |
| |
| |
Self-Report Studies into Why Suspects Confess | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Miscarriages of Justice and False Confessions | |
| |
| |
Miscarriages of Justice | |
| |
| |
Studies of Miscarriages of Justice | |
| |
| |
The Leo-Ofshe Study | |
| |
| |
Some Notorious British Cases | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Psychology of False Confession: Research and Theoretical Issues | |
| |
| |
Definitions of False Confession | |
| |
| |
The Frequency of False Confessions | |
| |
| |
False, Retracted and Disputed Confessions | |
| |
| |
The Innocent Pleading Guilty | |
| |
| |
The Broader Context of False Confessions | |
| |
| |
The Causes of False Confessions | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Implications of the Different Types of False Confession | |
| |
| |
The Ofshe--Leo Model of Confessions | |
| |
| |
Differences between True and False Confessions | |
| |
| |
A Proposed Modified Framework | |
| |
| |
Recovered Memory and False Confession | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Psychology of False Confession: Case Examples | |
| |
| |
Voluntary False Confessions | |
| |
| |
Pressured--Compliant False Confessions | |
| |
| |
Pressured--Internalized False Confessions | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Legal and Psychological Aspects | |
| |
| |
| |
The English Law on Confessions | |
| |
| |
The Admissibility and Reliability of Confession Evidence | |
| |
| |
The Voire Dire | |
| |
| |
Issues Affecting Vulnerable Defendants | |
| |
| |
The Admissibility of Expert Evidence | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The American Law on Confessions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Basic Law of Confessions | |
| |
| |
Voluntariness and Mentally Vulnerable Suspects | |
| |
| |
Challenging a Confession in Court | |
| |
| |
Differences between English and American Law and Practice | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Psychological Assessment | |
| |
| |
The Assessment Framework | |
| |
| |
Psychological Vulnerabilities | |
| |
| |
Learning Disability as a Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
The Court Report and Oral Evidence | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Suggestibility: Historical and Theoretical Aspects | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Approaches | |
| |
| |
Some Characteristics of Suggestion and Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
Brief Historical Background to Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
The Classification of Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
Theories of Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
Reinforcement and Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility: a State or a Trait? | |
| |
| |
Definition of Interrogative Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
The Gudjonsson-Clark Theoretical Model | |
| |
| |
Implications of the Model and Hypotheses | |
| |
| |
External Evaluation of the Model | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Interrogative Suggestibility: Empirical Findings | |
| |
| |
The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Hypnotic Susceptibility | |
| |
| |
Compliance | |
| |
| |
Acquiescence | |
| |
| |
Correlations between Suggestibility, Compliance and Acquiescence | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Gender | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Ethnic Background | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Age | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Intelligence | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Memory | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Anxiety | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Impulsivity | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and the MMPI-2 | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Sleep Deprivation | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility: Dissociation and Fantasy Proneness | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Instructional Manipulation | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and the Experimenter Effect | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Social Desirability | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Coping Strategies | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Assertiveness | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Self-Esteem | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Locus of Control | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Field Dependence | |
| |
| |
Suspiciousness and Anger | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Test Setting | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Previous Convictions | |
| |
| |
Police Interviewing and Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
Resisters and Alleged False Confessors | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and False Confessions | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Eyewitness Testimony | |
| |
| |
Suggestibility and Recovered Memory | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol Upon the Reliability of Testimony | |
| |
| |
The Extent of the Problem | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Perspectives | |
| |
| |
The Effects of Intoxication and Withdrawal | |
| |
| |
The Effects of Alcohol Withdrawal on Interrogative Suggestibility | |
| |
| |
False Confessions to Murder by a Heroin Addict | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
British Court of Appeal Cases | |
| |
| |
| |
The Court of Appeal | |
| |
| |
The Beginning of Expert Psychological Testimony | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
The 'Guildford Four' and the 'Birmingham Six' | |
| |
| |
| |
The Guildford Four | |
| |
| |
The Birmingham Six | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Psychological Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
Engin Raghip--The Beginning: Landmark Decision for Psychology | |
| |
| |
Jacqueline Fletcher--Unidentified Borderline Intelligence | |
| |
| |
Judith Ward--Personality Disorder | |
| |
| |
David MacKenzie--Inability to Distinguish Facts from Fantasy | |
| |
| |
Idris Ali--Pathological Lying | |
| |
| |
George Long--Clinical Depression | |
| |
| |
Patrick Kane--Anxiety and Compliance | |
| |
| |
Andrew Evans--Misdiagnosed Psychogenic Amnesia | |
| |
| |
John Roberts--Abnormal Compliance | |
| |
| |
Ashley King--Abnormal Suggestibility and Compliance | |
| |
| |
Darren Hall--Disorder in the Absence of a Psychiatric Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
Ian Hay Gordon--Exploitation of Sexuality | |
| |
| |
Peter Fell--Poor Self-Esteem | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Police Impropriety | |
| |
| |
Stephen Miller | |
| |
| |
Alfred Allen (the 'UDR Four') | |
| |
| |
The Carl Bridgewater Case | |
| |
| |
Derek Bentley | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Misleading Special Knowledge | |
| |
| |
Stefan Kiszko | |
| |
| |
The Darvell Brothers | |
| |
| |
Donald Pendleton | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Foreign Cases of Disputed Confessions | |
| |
| |
| |
Four High Profile American Cases | |
| |
| |
Waneta Hoyt | |
| |
| |
Joe Giarratano | |
| |
| |
Henry Lee Lucas | |
| |
| |
John Wille | |
| |
| |
General Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Canadian and Israeli Cases | |
| |
| |
A Canadian Case of Non-Custodial Interrogation | |
| |
| |
An Israeli Terrorist Case | |
| |
| |
General Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Murder in Norway: a False Belief Leading to a False Confession | |
| |
| |
Background to the Case | |
| |
| |
Pre-Trial (1997) Psychological Evaluation | |
| |
| |
The First Trial | |
| |
| |
The Psychological Evaluation Prior to the Appeal | |
| |
| |
Interviews with Informants | |
| |
| |
Mr A's Strengths and Vulnerabilities | |
| |
| |
The Interrogation and Confinement | |
| |
| |
Repression and Psychogenic Amnesia | |
| |
| |
The Appeal | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
General Comments and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Interrogation | |
| |
| |
Psychological Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
True Confessions | |
| |
| |
Retracted and False Confessions | |
| |
| |
Appendix | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Author Index | |
| |
| |
Subject Index | |