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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Milestones in the history of speech technology | |
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| Prospects for the future | |
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| Technical synopsis | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| The physics of speech production | |
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| The human vocal apparatus | |
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| Boundary conditions | |
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| Non-stationarity | |
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| Fluid dynamical effects | |
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| The source-filter model | |
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| Information-bearing features of the speech signal | |
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| Fourier methods | |
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| Linear prediction and the Webster equation | |
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| Time-frequency representations | |
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| Classification of acoustic patterns in speech | |
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| Statistical decision theory | |
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| Estimation of class-conditional probability density functions | |
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| Information-preserving transformations | |
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| Unsupervised density estimation - quantization | |
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| A note on connectionism | |
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| Temporal invariance and stationarity | |
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| A variational problem | |
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| A solution by dynamic programming | |
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| Taxonomy of linguistic structure | |
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| Acoustic phonetics, phonology, and phonotactics | |
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| Morphology and lexical structure | |
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| Prosody, syntax, and semantics | |
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| Pragmatics and dialog | |
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| Mathematical models of linguistic structure | |
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| Probabilistic functions of a discrete Markov process | |
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| The discrete observation hidden Markov model | |
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| The continuous observation case | |
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| The autoregressive observation case | |
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| The semi-Markov process and correlated observations | |
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| The non-stationary observation case | |
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| Parameter estimation via the EM algorithm | |
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| The Cave-Neuwirth and Poritz results | |
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| Formal grammars and abstract automata | |
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| The Chomsky hierarchy | |
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| Stochastic grammars | |
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| Equivalence of regular stochastic grammars and discrete HMMs | |
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| Recognition of well-formed strings | |
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| Representation of phonology and syntax | |
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| Syntactic analysis | |
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| Deterministic parsing algorithms | |
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| The Dijkstra algorithm for regular languages | |
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| The Cocke-Kasami-Younger algorithm for context-free languages | |
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| Probabilistic parsing algorithms | |
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| Using the Baum algorithm to parse regular languages | |
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| Dynamic programming methods | |
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| Probabilistic Cocke-Kasami-Younger methods | |
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| Asynchronous methods | |
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| Parsing natural language | |
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| The right-linear case | |
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| The Markovian case | |
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| The context-free case | |
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| Grammatical Inference | |
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| Exact inference and Gold's theorem | |
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| Baum's algorithm for regular grammars | |
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| Event counting in parse trees | |
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| Baker's algorithm for context-free grammars | |
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| Information-theoretic analysis of speech communication | |
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| The Miller et al. experiments | |
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| Entropy of an information source | |
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| Entropy of deterministic formal languages | |
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| Entropy of languages generated by stochastic grammars | |
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| Epsilon representations of deterministic languages | |
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| Recognition error rates and entropy | |
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| Analytic results derived from the Fano bound | |
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| Experimental results | |
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| Automatic speech recognition and constructive theories of language | |
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| Integrated architectures | |
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| Modular architectures | |
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| Acoustic-phonetic transcription | |
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| Lexical access | |
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| Syntax analysis | |
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| Parameter estimation from fluent speech | |
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| Use of the Baum algorithm | |
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| The role of text analysis | |
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| System performance | |
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| Other speech technologies | |
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| Articulatory speech synthesis | |
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| Very low-bandwidth speech coding | |
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| Automatic language identification | |
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| Automatic language translation | |
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| Automatic speech understanding and semantics | |
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| Transcription and comprehension | |
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| Limited domain semantics | |
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| A semantic interpreter | |
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| Error recovery | |
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| The semantics of natural language | |
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| Shallow semantics and mutual information | |
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| Graphical methods | |
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| Formal logical models of semantics | |
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| Relationship between syntax and semantics | |
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| System architectures | |
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| Human and machine performance | |
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| Theories of mind and language | |
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| The challenge of automatic natural language understanding | |
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| Metaphors for mind | |
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| Wiener's cybernetics and the diachronic history | |
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| The crisis in the foundations of mathematics | |
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| Turing's universal machine | |
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| The Church-Turing hypothesis | |
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| The artificial intelligence program | |
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| Functional equivalence and the strong theory of AI | |
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| The broken promise | |
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| Schorske's causes of cultural decline | |
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| The ahistorical blind alley | |
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| Observation, introspection and divine inspiration | |
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| Resurrecting the program by unifying the synchronic and diachronic | |
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| A Speculation on the prospects for a science of mind | |
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| The parable of the thermos bottle: measurements and symbols | |
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| The four questions of science | |
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| Reductionism and emergence | |
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| From early intuition to quantitative reasoning | |
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| Objections to mathematical realism | |
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| The objection from the diversity of the sciences | |
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| The objection from Cartesian duality | |
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| The objection from either free will or determinism | |
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| The postmodern objection | |
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| Beginning the new science | |
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| A constructive theory of mind | |
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| Reinterpreting the strong theory of AI | |
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| Generalizing the Turing test | |
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| The problem of consciousness | |
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| The role of sensorimotor function, associative memory and reinforcement learning in automatic acquisition of spoken language by an autonomous robot | |
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| Embodied mind from integrated sensorimotor function | |
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| Associative memory as the basis for thought | |
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| Reinforcement learning via interaction with physical reality | |
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| Semantics as sensorimotor memory | |
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| The primacy of semantics in linguistic structure | |
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| Thought as linguistic manipulation of mental representations of reality | |
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| Illy the autonomous robot | |
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| Software | |
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| Associative memory architecture | |
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| Performance | |
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| Obstacles to the program | |
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| Final thoughts: predicting the course of discovery | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |