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| About the Authors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sustainable Transportation | |
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| Population, Energy, and Transportation | |
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| Environment | |
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| Economic Growth | |
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| New Fuel Economy Requirement | |
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| A Brief History of HEVs | |
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| Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn from It | |
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| Architectures of HEVs | |
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| Series HEVs | |
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| Parallel HEVs | |
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| Series-Parallel HEVs | |
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| Complex HEVs | |
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| Diesel Hybrids | |
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| Other Approaches to Vehicle Hybridization | |
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| Hybridization Ratio | |
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| Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs | |
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| State of the Art of HEVs | |
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| The Toyota Prius | |
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| The Honda Civic | |
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| The Ford Escape | |
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| The Two-Mode Hybrid | |
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| Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs | |
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| The Invisible Hand-Government Support | |
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| References | |
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| Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile | |
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| Vehicle Basics | |
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| Constituents of a Conventional Vehicle | |
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| Vehicle and Propulsion Load | |
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| Drive Cycles and Drive Terrain | |
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| Basics of the EV | |
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| Why EV? | |
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| Constituents of an EV | |
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| Vehicle and Propulsion Loads | |
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| Basics of the HEV | |
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| Why HEV? | |
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| Constituents of a HEV | |
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| Basics of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) | |
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| Why PHEV? | |
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| Constituents of a PHEV | |
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| Comparison between the HEV and PHEV | |
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| Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) | |
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| Why FCV? | |
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| Constituents of a FCV | |
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| Some Issues Related to Fuel Cells | |
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| Reference | |
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| HEV Fundamentals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Vehicle Model | |
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| Vehicle Performance | |
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| EV Powertrain Component Sizing | |
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| Series Hybrid Vehicle | |
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| Parallel Hybrid Vehicle | |
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| Electrically Peaking Hybrid Concept | |
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| ICE Characteristics | |
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| Gradability Requirement | |
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| Selection of Gear Ratio from ICE to Wheel | |
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| Wheel Slip Dynamics | |
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| References | |
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| Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain | |
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| Principle of Planetary Gears | |
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| Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain | |
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| GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission | |
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| Operating Principle of the Two-Mode Powertrain | |
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| Mode 0: Vehicle Launch and Backup | |
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| Mode 1: Low Range | |
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| Mode 2: High Range | |
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| Mode 3: Regenerative Braking | |
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| Transition from Mode 0 to Mode 3 | |
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| Dual-Clutch Hybrid Transmissions | |
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| Conventional DCT Technology | |
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| Gear Shift Schedule | |
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| DCT-Based Hybrid Powertrain | |
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| Operation of DCT-Based Hybrid Powertrain | |
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| Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. | |
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| Motor-Alone Mode | |
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| Combined Power Mode | |
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| Engine-Alone Mode | |
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| Electric CVT Mode | |
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| Energy Recovery Mode | |
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| Standstill Mode | |
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| Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission | |
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| Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission | |
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| Mode 0: Launch and Reverse | |
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| Mode 1: Low-Speed Operation | |
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| Mode 2: High-Speed Operation | |
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| Mode 4: Series Operating Mode | |
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| Mode Transition | |
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| Tsai's Hybrid Transmission | |
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| Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism | |
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| Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E-Four-Wheel Drive | |
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| CAMRY Hybrid | |
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| Chevy Volt Powertrain | |
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| Dynamics of Planetary-Based Transmissions | |
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| Non-ideal Gears in the Planetary System | |
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| Dynamics of the Transmission | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles | |
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| Introduction to PHEVs | |
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| PHEVs and EREVs | |
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| Blended PHEVs | |
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| Why PHEV? | |
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| Electricity for PHEV Use | |
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| PHEV Architectures | |
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| Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs | |
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| Fuel Economy of PHEVs | |
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| Well-to-Wheel Efficiency | |
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| PHEV Fuel Economy | |
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| Utility Factor | |
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| Power Management of PHEVs | |
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| PHEV Design and Component Sizing | |
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| Component Sizing of EREVs | |
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| Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs | |
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| HEV to PHEV Conversions | |
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| Replacing the Existing Battery Pack | |
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| Adding an Extra Battery Pack | |
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| Converting Conventional Vehicles to PHEVs | |
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| Other Topics on PHEVs | |
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| End-of-Life Battery for Electric Power Grid Support | |
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| Cold Start Emissions Reduction in PHEVs | |
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| Cold Weather/Hot Weather Performance Enhancement in PHEVs | |
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| PHEV Maintenance | |
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| Safety of PHEVs | |
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| Vehicle-to-Grid Technology | |
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| PHEV Battery Charging | |
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| Impact of G2V | |
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| The Concept of V2G | |
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| Advantages of V2G | |
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| Case Studies of V2G | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Special Hybrid Vehicles | |
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| Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles | |
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| Regenerative Braking in HHVs | |
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| Off-road HEVs | |
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| Diesel HEVs | |
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| Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, Locomotives | |
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| Ships | |
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| Aircraft | |
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| Locomotives | |
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| Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| HEV Applications for Military Vehicles | |
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| Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial to Military Applications | |
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| Ground Vehicle Applications | |
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| Architecture - Series, Parallel, Complex | |
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| Vehicles Which Are of Most Benefit | |
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| Non-ground Vehicle Military Applications | |
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| Electromagnetic Launchers | |
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| Hybrid-Powered Ships | |
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| Aircraft Applications | |
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| Dismounted Soldier Applications | |
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| Ruggedness Issues | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics Related to HEVs | |
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| Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs | |
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| Onboard Diagnostics | |
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| Prognostics Issues | |
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| Reliability of HEVs | |
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| Analyzing the Reliability of HEV Architectures | |
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| Reliability and Graceful Degradation | |
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| Software Reliability Issues | |
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| EMC Issues | |
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| Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues | |
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| End-of-Life Issues | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Power Electronics in HEVs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Principle of Power Electronics | |
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| Rectifiers Used in HEVs | |
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| Ideal Rectifier | |
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| Practical Rectifier | |
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| Single-Phase Rectifier | |
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| Voltage Ripple | |
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| Buck Converter Used in HEVs | |
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| Operating Principle | |
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| Nonlinear Model | |
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| Non-isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter | |
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| Operating Principle | |
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| Maintaining Constant Torque Range and Power Capability | |
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| Reducing Current Ripple in the Battery | |
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| Regenerative Braking | |
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| Voltage Source Inverter | |
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| Current Source Inverter | |
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| Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter | |
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| Basic Principle and Steady State Operations | |
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| Voltage Ripple | |
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| PWM Rectifier in HEVs | |
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| Rectifier Operation of Inverter | |
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| EV and PHEV Battery Chargers | |
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| Forward/Flyback Converters | |
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| Half-Bridge DC-DC Converter | |
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| Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter | |
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| Power Factor Correction Stage | |
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| Bidirectional Battery Chargers | |
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| Other Charger Topologies | |
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| Inductive Charging | |
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| Wireless Charging | |
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| Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics | |
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| Device-Level Simulation | |
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| System-Level Model | |
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| Emerging Power Electronics Devices | |
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| Circuit Packaging | |
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| Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Induction Motor Drives | |
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| Principle of Induction Motors | |
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| Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor | |
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| Speed Control of Induction Machine | |
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| Variable Frequency, Variable Voltage Control of Induction Motors | |
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| Efficiency and Losses of Induction Machine | |
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| Additional Loss in Induction Motors due to PWM Supply | |
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| Field-Oriented Control of Induction Machine | |
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| Permanent Magnet Motor Drives | |
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| Basic Configuration of PM Motors | |
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| Basic Principle and Operation of PM Motors | |
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| Magnetic Circuit Analysis of IPM Motors | |
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| Sizing of Magnets in PM Motors | |
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| Eddy Current Losses in the Magnets of PM Machines | |
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| Switched Reluctance Motors | |
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| Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines | |
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| Design and Sizing of Traction Motors | |
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| Selection of A and B | |
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| Speed Rating of the Traction Motor | |
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| Determination of the Inner Power | |
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| Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Batteries, Ultracapacitors, Fuel Cells, and Controls | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Battery Characterization | |
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| Comparison of Different Energy Storage Technologies for HEVs | |
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| Modeling Based on Equivalent Electric Circuits | |
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| Battery Modeling | |
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| Battery Modeling Example | |
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| Modeling of Ultracapacitors | |
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| Battery Modeling Example for Hybrid Battery and Ultracapacitor | |
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| Battery Charging Control | |
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| Charge Management of Storage Devices | |
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| Flywheel Energy Storage System | |
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| Hydraulic Energy Storage System | |
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| Fuel Cells and Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage System | |
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| Introduction to Fuel Cells | |
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| Fuel Cell Modeling | |
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| Hybrid Fuel Cell Energy Storage Systems | |
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| Control Strategy of Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System | |
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| Summary and Discussion | |
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| References | |
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| Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling | |
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| HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR | |
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| HEV Modeling Using PSAT | |
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| Physics-Based Modeling | |
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| Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques | |
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| Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design | |
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| DIRECT | |
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| Simulated Annealing | |
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| Genetic Algorithms | |
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| Particle Swarm Optimization | |
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| Advantages/Disadvantages of Different Optimization Algorithms | |
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| Model-in-the-Loop Design Optimization Process | |
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| Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example | |
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| Series HEV Design Optimization Example | |
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| Control Framework of a series HEV Powertrain | |
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| Series HEV Parameter Optimization | |
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| Optimization Results | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management | |
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| A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs | |
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| Methodology to Implement | |
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| Methodologies for Optimization | |
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| Cost Function Optimization | |
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| Benefits of Energy Management | |
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| References | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation | |
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| What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? | |
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| Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization | |
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| Standardization and Commercialization | |
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| Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles | |
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| Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Index | |