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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| The world of insects | |
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| The diversity of insects | |
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| The impact of insects on man | |
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| The impact of man on insects | |
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| World distribution | |
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| Climate change | |
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| Land management practices | |
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| Exploitation of insects | |
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| Other uses man makes of insects | |
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| Insect classification | |
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| External features of insects - structure and function | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The exoskeleton | |
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| The basic body plan of the insect | |
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| The head | |
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| Sense organs | |
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| Antennae | |
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| Ocelli | |
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| Compound eyes | |
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| Basic structure of the mouthparts | |
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| Mandibles | |
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| Maxillae | |
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| Labium | |
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| The thorax | |
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| Sclerites | |
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| Legs | |
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| Wings | |
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| Spiracles | |
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| The abdomen | |
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| Sclerites | |
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| Appendages | |
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| Genitalia | |
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| Spiracles | |
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| The major divisions of the Insecta | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Subclass Pterygota | |
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| Division Exopterygota | |
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| Palaeopteran Orders | |
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| Orthopteroid Orders | |
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| Hemipteroid Orders� | |
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| Division Endopterygota | |
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| Subclass Apterygota | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Order Diplura (2-pronged bristle-tails) | |
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| Order Protura | |
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| Order Thysanura (silverfish) | |
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| Order Collembola (springtails | |
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| Suborder Arthropleona | |
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| Suborder Symphypleona | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Palaeopteran Orders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Order Ephemeroptera | |
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| Order Odonata � | |
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| Suborder Zygoptera | |
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| Suborder Anisoptera | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Orthopteroid Orders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Order Plecoptera (stoneflies) | |
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| Order Grylloblattodea | |
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| Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators or heelwalkers) | |
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| Order Zoraptera (angel insects) | |
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| Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) | |
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| Suborder Ensifera | |
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| Superfamily Tettigonioidea (long-horned grasshoppers) | |
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| Superfamily Grylloidea (crickets) | |
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| Suborder Caelifera | |
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| Superfamily Acridoidea (short-horned grasshoppers) | |
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| Order Phasmida (stick and leaf insects) | |
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| Order Dermaptera (earwigs) | |
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| Order Embioptera (web spinners) | |
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| Order Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantids) | |
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| Suborder Blattaria (cockroaches) | |
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| Suborder Mantodea (mantids) | |
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| Order Isoptera (termites) | |
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| Family Kalotermitidae (Dry-wood termites) | |
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| Family Hodotermitidae | |
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| Family Termitidae (Mound-building termites) | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Hemipteroid Orders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Order Psocoptera (booklice) | |
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| Order Mallophaga (biting lice) | |
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| Suborder Anoplura ( = Siphunculata) (sucking lice) | |
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| Order Hemiptera (true bugs) | |
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| Suborder Heteroptera (land and water bugs) | |
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| Series Cryptocerata (water bugs) | |
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| Water boatmen (Families Notonectidae and Corixidae) | |
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| Water scorpions and allies (Family Nepidae) | |
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| Series Gymnocerata | |
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| Pond skaters (Families Gerridae and Velidae ) | |
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| Family Miridae (mirids or capsids) | |
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| Family Lygaeidae (chinch bugs) | |
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| Superfamily Pentatomoidea (shield bugs) | |
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| Family Pentatomidae (stink bugs) | |
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| Family Acanthosomatidae | |
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| Family Scutelleridae | |
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| Family Coreidae | |
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| Family Pyrrhocoridae | |
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| Family Tingidae (lace bugs) | |
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| Family Anthocoridae (flower bugs) | |
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| Family Cimicidae (bed bugs) | |
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| Family Nabidae (damsel bugs) | |
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| Family Reduviidae (assassin bugs) | |
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| Suborder Auchenorryncha (hoppers) | |
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| Superfamily Fulgoroidea | |
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| Family Fulgoridae (lantern flies) | |
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| Family Delphacidae (planthoppers) | |
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| Superfamily Cicadelloidea | |
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| Family Membracidae (treehoppers) | |
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| Family Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) | |
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| Superfamily Cicadoidea (Family Cicadidae - cicadas) | |
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| Superfamily Cercopoidea (Family Cercopidae �- froghoppers) | |
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| Suborder Sternorryncha (plant lice) | |
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| Superfamily Psylloidea (Family Psyllidae - suckers or jumping plant lice) | |
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| Superfamily Aphidoidea (aphids) | |
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| Family Lachnidae | |
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| Family Aphididae - (aphids, greenfly, blackfly) | |
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| Family Phylloxeridae | |
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| Superfamily Aleyrodoidea (whiteflies) - Family Aleyrodidae | |
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| Superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs) | |
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| Family Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) | |
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| Family Margarodidae (cushion scales) | |
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| Family Kerridae | |
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| Family Asterolecaniidae | |
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| Family Coccidae (soft scales) | |
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| Family Diaspididae (armoured scales) | |
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| Order Thysanoptera (thrips or thunderflies) | |
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| Suborder Terebrantia | |
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| Family Thripidae | |
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| Family Aeolothripidae | |
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| Suborder Tubulifera | |
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| Family Phlaeothripidae | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Lesser Orders | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Order Mecoptera (scorpion flies) - c. 400 described species | |
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| Order Siphonaptera (fleas ) - c. 2000 described species | |
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| Order Neuroptera - c. 4700 described species | |
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| Suborder Megaloptera | |
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| Family Corydalidae | |
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| Family Sialidae (alder flies) | |
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| Family Raphidiidae (snake flies) | |
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| Suborder Planipennia | |
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| Superfamily Osmyloidea - 3 Families | |
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| Family Osmylidae | |
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| Superfamily Mantispoidea - 4 Families | |
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| Family Sisyridae | |
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| Family Mantispidae (mantis flies) | |
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| Superfamily Hemeroboidea (lacewings) - 3 Families | |
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| Family Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings) | |
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| Family Chrysopidae (green lacewings) | |
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| Superfamily Myrmeleontoidae (ant lions) - 3 Families | |
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| Order Trichoptera (caddis flies) - c. 5000 described species | |
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| Order Strepsiptera (stylops) - c. 550 described species | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Suborder Glossata | |
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| Infraorder Exoporia | |
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| Superfamily Hepialoidea | |
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| Family Hepialidae (swift moths) | |
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| Infraorder Heteroneura - Division Monotrysia | |
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| Superfamily Nepticuloidea | |
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| Family Nepticulidae | |
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| Superfamily Incurvarioidea | |
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| Family Incurvariidae | |
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| Infraorder Heteroneura - Division Ditrysia | |
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| Superfamily Tineoidea | |
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| Family Gracillariidae | |
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| Superfamily Gelechioidea | |
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| Family Oecophoridae | |
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| Family Gelechiidae | |
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| Family Coleophoridae (casebearer moths) | |
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| Superfamily Yponomeutoidea | |
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| Family Plutellidae | |
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| Family Yponomeutidae | |
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| Superfamily Pyraloidea | |
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| Family Pyralidae | |
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| Superfamily Sesioidea | |
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| Family Sesiidae (clearwings) | |
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| Superfamily Cossoidea | |
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| Family Cossidae | |
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| Superfamily Tortricoidea | |
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| Family Tortricidae | |
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| Superfamily Geometroidea | |
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| Family Geometridae | |
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| Superfamily Papilionoidea (butterflies) | |
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| Family Hesperiidae (skippers) | |
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| Family Papilionidae (swallowtails) | |
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| Family Pieridae (whites) | |
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| Family Lycaenidae (blues) | |
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| Family Nymphalidae | |
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| Superfamily Bombycoidea | |
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| Family Bombycidae | |
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| Family Lasiocampidae | |
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| Superfamily Sphingoidea | |
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| Family Sphingidae (hawk moths) | |
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| Superfamily Noctuoidea | |
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| Family Lymantriidae | |
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| Family Arctiidae | |
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| Family Noctuidae (owlet moths) | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Diptera (True Flies) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Suborder Nematocera | |
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| Family Tipulidae (crane flies) | |
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| Family Psychodidae | |
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| Family Cecidomyiidae (gall midges) | |
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| Family Culicidae (mosquitoes) | |
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| Family Chironomidae (non-biting midges) | |
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| Family Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) | |
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| Family Simuliidae (black flies or sand fly [New Zealand]) | |
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| Family Sciaridae (mushroom flies, fungus gnats) | |
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| Family Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats) | |
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| Family Bibionidae | |
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| Suborder Brachycera | |
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| Family Tabanidae (horse flies) | |
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| Family Stratiomyidae (soldier flies) | |
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| Family Asilidae (robber flies) | |
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| Family Empididae (assassin flies) | |
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| Suborder Cyclorrhapha | |
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| Series Aschiza | |
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| Family Syrphidae (hover flies) | |
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| Series Schizophora | |
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| Division Acalyptrata | |
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| Family Psilidae | |
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| Family Sepsidae (semaphore flies) | |
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| Family Ephydridae (shore flies) | |
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| Family Chloropidae | |
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| Family Opomyzidae | |
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| Family Agromyzidae | |
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| Family Diopsidae (stalk-eyed flies) | |
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| Family Tephritidae (or Trypetidae) (fruit flies) | |
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| Division Calyptrata (see start of �Schizophora� for definition) | |
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| Family Scathophagidae (or Cordiluridae) | |
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| Family Anthomyiidae | |
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| Family Muscidae | |
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| Family Calliphoridae (bluebottles and greenbottles) | |
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| Family Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) | |
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| Family Tachinidae | |
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| Family Glossinidae (tsetse flies) | |
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| Family Oestridae | |
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| Division Pupipara (louse flies, keds) | |
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| Family Hippoboscidae | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Hymenoptera (Sawflies, Ants, Bees and Wasps) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Suborder Symphyta (sawflies) | |
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| Family Siricidae (wood wasps) | |
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| Family Cephidae | |
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| Family Tenthredinidae | |
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| Family Diprionidae | |
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| Suborder Apocrita (ants, bees, wasps and parasitic wasps) | |
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| The social Hymenoptera and their allies | |
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| Superfamily Apoidea | |
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| Family Andrenidae | |
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| Family Megachilidae (leaf-cutter and mason bees) | |
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| Family Apidae | |
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| Family Sphecidae (digger wasps) | |
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| Superfamily Vespoidea (wasps) | |
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| Family Vespidae | |
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| Family Mutillidae (velvet ants) | |
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| Family Pompilidae (spider-hunting wasps) | |
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| Family Scoliidae | |
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| Family Tiphiidae | |
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| Family Formicidae (ants) | |
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| Superfamily Chrysidoidea | |
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| Other Superfamilies | |
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| Superfamily Ichneumonoidea | |
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| Family Ichneumonidae | |
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| Family Braconidae | |
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| Superfamily Chalcidoidea | |
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| Family Agaonidae (fig wasps) | |
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| Family Aphelinidae | |
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| Family Chalcidae | |
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| Family Pteromalidae | |
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| Family Torymidae | |
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| Family Encyrtidae | |
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| Family Trichogrammatidae (Fig. 11.44) | |
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| Family Mymaridae (fairy flies) | |
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| Family Tanaostigmatidae | |
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| Superfamily Proctotrupoidea | |
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| Superfamily Evanioidea | |
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| Family Evanidae | |
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| Family Gasteruptiidae | |
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| Superfamily Cynipoidea | |
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| Family Charipidae | |
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| Family Cynipidae (gall wasps) | |
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| Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Coleoptera (Beetles) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Adult morphology | |
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| Larvae and pupae | |
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| Suborder Adephaga | |
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| Family Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles | |
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| Families Haliplidae and Hygrobiidae | |
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| Family Dytiscidae | |
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| Family Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) | |
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| Family Carabidae (ground beetles) | |
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| Suborder Polyphaga | |
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| Superfamily Staphylinoidea | |
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| Family Staphylinidae (rove beetles) | |
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| Family Silphidae (burying, sexton or carrion beetles) | |
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| Family Pselaphidae | |
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| Family Ptiliidae | |
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| Superfamily Hydrophiloidea - Family Hydrophilidae | |
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| Superfamily Histeroidea -Family Histeridae | |
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| Superfamily Scarabaeoidea | |
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| Family Lucanidae (stag beetles) | |
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| Family Geotrupidae (dung beetles) | |
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| Family Scarabaeidae | |
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| Superfamily Buprestoidea -Family Buprestidae | |
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| Superfamily Elateroidea -Family Elateridae | |
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| Superfamily Cantharoidea | |
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| Family Cantharidae (soldier beetles) | |
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| Family Lampyridae (glowworms) | |
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| Superfamily Dermestoidea | |
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| Superfamily Bostrychoidea | |
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| Family Lyctidae (powder-post beetles) | |
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| Family Bostrychidae | |
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| Family Anobiidae | |
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| Family Ptinidae (spider beetles) | |
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| Superfamily Cleroidea | |
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| Family Cleridae | |
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| Family Trogossitidae | |
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| Family Melyridae | |
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| Superfamily Cucujoidea | |
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| Series Heteromera | |
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| Family Anthicidae | |
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| Family Meloidae (oil beetles, blister beetles) | |
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| Family Ripiphoridae (previously Rhipiphoridae) | |
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| Family Alleculidae | |
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| Family Oedemeridae | |
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| Family Pyrochroidae | |
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| Family Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) | |
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| Series Clavicornia = Superfamily Cucujoidea | |
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| Family Byturidae | |
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| Family Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybeetles [USA]) | |
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| Family Cryptophagidae (fungus beetles) | |
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| Family Cucujidae | |
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| Family Lathridiidae | |
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| Family Mycetophagidae | |
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| Family Nitidulidae | |
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| Superfamily Chrysomeloidea | |
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| Family Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) | |
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| Family Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) | |
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| Subfamily Bruchinae (seed beetles) | |
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| Subfamily Alticinae | |
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| Subfamily Chrysomelinae | |
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| Subfamily Criocerinae | |
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| Subfamily Galerucinae | |
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| Subfamily Hispinae | |
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| Subfamily Cassidinae | |
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| Subfamily Clytrinae | |
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| Superfamily Curculionoidea | |
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| Family Curculionidae | |
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| Subfamily Scolytinae (bark beetles) | |
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| Subfamily Platypodinae | |
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| Subfamily Apioninae (seed weevils) | |
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| Other Subfamilies (true weevils) | |
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| Subfamily Entiminae (short-nosed weevils) | |
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| Subfamily Curculioninae | |
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| Subfamily Rhynchophorinae | |
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| Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae | |
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| Subfamily Hyperinae | |
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| Class Arachnida | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Subclass Araneida (spiders) | |
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| Family Araneidae | |
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| Family Lycosidae | |
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| Subclass Acarina (mites and ticks) | |
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| Order Mesostigmata | |
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| Family Phytoseiidae | |
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| Family Varroidae | |
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| Order Ixodida (ticks) | |
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| Family Ixodidae (hard ticks) | |
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| Family Argasidae (soft ticks) | |
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| Order Prostigmata | |
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| Family Tetranychidae (spider mites) | |
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| Family Tenuipalpidae (false spider mites) | |
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| Family Tarsonemidae | |
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| Family Eriophyidae (�gall mites�), | |
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| Order Astigmata | |
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| Family Acaridae | |
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| Family Sarcoptidae | |
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| Order Cryptostigmata (beetle mites) | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |