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List of Figures | |
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Series Editor's | |
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Preface | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the Third Edition | |
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What Is a Discourse Approach? | |
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The Problem with Culture | |
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Culture is a verb | |
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Discourse | |
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Discourse systems | |
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What Is Communication? | |
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Language is ambiguous by nature | |
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We must draw inferences about meaning | |
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Our inferences tend to be fixed, not tentative | |
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Our inferences are drawn very quickly | |
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Interdiscourse communication and English as a global language | |
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What This Book Is Not | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Four processes of ethnography | |
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Four types of data in ethnographic research | |
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Choosing a site of investigation | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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How, When, and Where to Do Things with Language | |
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Sentence Meaning and Speaker's Meaning | |
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Speech Acts, Speech Events, and Speech Situations | |
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Grammar of Context | |
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Seven main components for a grammar of context | |
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Scene | |
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Key | |
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Participants | |
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Message form | |
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Sequence | |
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Co-occurrence patterns, marked and unmarked | |
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Manifestation | |
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Variation in context grammar | |
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"Culture" and Context | |
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High context and low context situations | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Using the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Interpersonal Politeness and Power | |
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Communicative Style or Register | |
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Face | |
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The "self" as a communicative identity | |
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The Paradox of Face: Involvement and Independence | |
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Politeness strategies of involvement and independence | |
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Linguistic strategies of involvement: some examples | |
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Linguistic strategies of independence: some examples | |
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Face Systems | |
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Three Face Systems: Deference, Solidarity, and Hierarchy | |
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Deference face system (-P, +D) | |
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Solidarity face system (-P, -D) | |
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Hierarchical face system (+P, +/-D) | |
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Miscommunication | |
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Variations in Face Systems | |
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Social Organization and Face Systems | |
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Kinship | |
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The concept of the self | |
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Ingroup-outgroup relationships | |
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Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Exploring the interaction order | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Conversational Inference: Interpretation in Spoken Discourse | |
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How Do We Understand Discourse? | |
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Cohesive Devices: Lexical and Grammatical | |
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Reference | |
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Verb forms | |
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Conjunction | |
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The causal conjunction "because" | |
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Cognitive Schemata and Scripts | |
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World knowledge | |
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Adjacency sequences | |
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Prosodic Patterning: Intonation and Timing | |
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Intonation | |
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Timing | |
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Metacommunication | |
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Non-sequential processing | |
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Interactive Intelligence | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Collecting and analyzing spoken data | |
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Reconfiguring default settings | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Topic and Face: Inductive and Deductive Patterns in Discourse | |
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What Are You Talking About? | |
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Topic, Turn Exchange, and Timing | |
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The call-answer-topic adjacency sequence | |
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The call | |
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The answer | |
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The Introduction of the caller's topic | |
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Deductive Monologues | |
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The Inductive Pattern | |
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Inside and outside encounters | |
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Hierarchical relationships and topic introduction | |
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The false east-west dichotomy | |
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Face: Inductive and Deductive Rhetorical Strategies | |
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Topics and face systems | |
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Face Relationships in Written Discourse | |
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Essays and press releases | |
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The press release: implied writers and implied readers | |
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The essay: a deductive structure | |
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Limiting Ambiguity: Power in Discourse | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Collecting and analyzing written data | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Ideologies in Discourse | |
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Three Concepts of Discourse | |
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The Utilitarian Discourse System | |
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The Enlightenment: reason and freedom | |
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Bentham and Mill's Utilitarianism | |
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Forms of discourse in the Utilitarian discourse system | |
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The Panopticon of Bentham | |
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Face systems in the Utilitarian discourse system | |
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Internal face systems: libert�, �galit�, fraternit� | |
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The institutions of the Utilitarian discourse system | |
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Outside discourse | |
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Multiple discourse systems | |
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The Confucian discourse system | |
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"Conversations" | |
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What "Counts" as an Ideology? | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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The relationship between small d discourse and big D Discourses | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Forms of Discourse | |
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Functions of Language | |
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Information and relationship | |
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Negotiation and ratifi cation | |
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Group harmony and individual welfare | |
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Clarity, Brevity, and Sincerity Revisited | |
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Theories of communication in the Utilitarian discourse system | |
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Kant's view of the "public" writer | |
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Plagiarism and ideology | |
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Modes, Media, and the Materiality of Discourse | |
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Mode | |
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Media | |
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Emplacement | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Socialization | |
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The Individual and "Culture" | |
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Socialization | |
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Education, enculturation, acculturation | |
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Primary and secondary socialization | |
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Socialization as legitimate peripheral participation | |
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Theories of the person and of learning | |
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Socialization in the Utilitarian Discourse System | |
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Education vs. socialization | |
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Socialization and face systems | |
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Socialization and the "Historical Body" | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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An outline guide for the study of discourse systems | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Corporate and Professional Discourse | |
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Voluntary and Involuntary Discourse Systems | |
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Five key discourse systems in corporate and professional life | |
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The Corporate Discourse System (Corporate Culture) | |
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Ideology | |
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Socialization | |
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Forms of discourse | |
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Face systems | |
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The size and scope of corporate discourse systems | |
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Professional Discourse Systems | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Generational Discourse | |
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Involuntary Discourse Systems | |
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The Ideologies of Individualism in the United States | |
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Six generations of North Americans | |
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The shifting ground of U.S. individualism | |
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Communication between generations | |
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Six Generations of Chinese | |
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The changing nature of collectivism | |
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The shifting ground of Chinese collectivism | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Gender and Sexuality Discourse | |
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Gender and Sexuality | |
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Gender Discourse Systems | |
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Directness or indirectness? | |
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Who talks more? | |
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Forms of discourse; functions of language | |
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Face systems | |
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The origin of difference: ideology and paradox | |
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The maintenance of difference: socialization | |
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Problems with the "difference" approach | |
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Compromise: "communities of practice" | |
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Sexuality | |
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Sexuality and gender | |
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Performativity | |
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Discourse systems and imagined communities | |
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"Gay Culture" and the Utilitarian Discourse System | |
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Ideology | |
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Face systems | |
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Forms of discourse | |
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Socialization | |
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The "Tongzhi Discourse System" | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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Doing "Intercultural Communication" | |
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Discourse Systems and the Individual | |
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Intersystem communication | |
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Cultural ideology and stereotyping | |
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Negative stereotypes | |
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Positive stereotypes, the lumping fallacy, and the solidarity fallacy | |
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Othering | |
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Differences Which Make a Difference: Discourse Systems | |
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Intercultural Communication as Mediated Action | |
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Avoiding Miscommunication | |
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Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
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Discussion Questions | |
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References for Further Study | |
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References | |
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Index | |