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Preface | |
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Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics | |
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Introduction: Drugs and Doses | |
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Introduction to Pharmacodynamics | |
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Introduction to Pharmacokinetics | |
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Dose-Response Relationships | |
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Therapeutic Range | |
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Summary | |
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Passage of Drugs Through Membranes | |
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Introduction | |
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Structure and Properties of Membranes | |
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Passive Diffusion | |
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Carrier-Mediated Processes: Transport Proteins | |
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Drug Administration, Absorption, and Bioavailability | |
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Introduction: Local and Systemic Drug Administration | |
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Common Routes of Systemic Drug Administration | |
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Overview of Oral Absorption | |
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Extent of Drug Absorption | |
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Determinants of the Bioavailability | |
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Factors Controlling the Rate of Drug Absorption | |
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Biopharmaceutics Classification System | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Drug Distribution | |
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Introduction | |
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Extent of Drug Distribution | |
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Rate of Drug Distribution | |
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Distribution of Drugs to the Central Nervous System | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Drug Elimination and Clearance | |
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Introduction | |
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Clearance | |
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Renal Clearance | |
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Hepatic Clearance | |
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Measurement of Clearances | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Compartmental Models in Pharmacokinetics | |
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Introduction | |
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Expressions for Component Parts of the Dose-Plasma | |
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Putting Everything Together: Compartments and Models | |
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Examples of Complete Compartment Models | |
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Use of Compartmental Models to Study Metabolite Pharmacokinetics | |
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Selecting and Applying Models | |
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Problems | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Pharmacokinetics of an Intravenous Bolus Injection in a One-Compartment Model | |
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Introduction | |
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One-Compartment Model | |
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Pharmacokinetic Equations | |
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Simulation Exercise | |
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Application of the Model | |
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Determination of Pharmacokinetic Parameters Experimentally | |
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Pharmacokinetic Analysis in Clinical Practice | |
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Problems | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Pharmacokinetics of an Intravenous Bolus Injection in a Two-Compartment Model | |
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Introduction | |
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Tissue and Compartment Distribution of a Drug | |
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Basic Equation | |
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Relationship Between Macro and Micro Rate Constants | |
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Primary Pharmacokinetic Parameters | |
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Simulation Exercise | |
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Determination of the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of the Two-Compartment Model | |
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Clinical Application of the Two-Compartment Model | |
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Problems | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Pharmacokinetics of Extravascular Drug Administration | |
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Introduction | |
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Model for First-Order Absorption in a One-Compartment Model | |
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Bioavailability | |
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Simulation Exercise | |
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Problems | |
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Recommended Reading | |
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Introduction to Noncompartmental Analysis | |
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Introduction | |
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Mean Residence Time | |
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Determination of Other Important Pharmacokinetic Parameters | |
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Different Routes of Administration | |
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Application of Noncompartmental Analysis to Clinical Studies | |
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Problems | |
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Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Infusion in a One-Compartment Model | |
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Introduction | |
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Model and Equations | |
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Steady-State Plasma Concentration | |
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Loading Dose | |
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Termination of Infusion | |
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Individualization of Dosing Regimens | |
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Problems | |
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Multiple Intravenous Bolus Injections in the One-Compartment Model | |
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Introduction | |
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Terms and Symbols Used in Multiple-Dosing Equations | |
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Monoexponential Decay During a Dosing Interval | |
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Basic Pharmacokinetic Equations for Multiple Doses | |
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Steady State | |
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Basic Formula Revisited | |
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Pharmacokinetic-Guided Dosing Regimen Design | |
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Simulation Exercise | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Multiple Intermittent Infusions | |
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Introduction | |
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Steady-State Equations for Multiple Intermittent | |
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Monoexponential Decay During a Dosing Interval: Dtermination of Peaks, Troughs, and Elimination Half-Life | |
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Determination of the Volume of Distribution | |
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Individualization of Dosing Regimens | |
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Simulation Exercise | |
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Problems | |
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Multiple Oral Doses | |
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Introduction | |
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Steady-State Equations | |
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Equations Used Clinically to Individualize Oral Doses | |
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Simulation Exercise | |
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Problems | |
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics | |
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Linear Pharmacokinetics | |
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Nonlinear Processes in Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination | |
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Pharmacokinetics of Capacity-Limited Metabolism | |
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Phenytoin | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Introduction to Pharmacodynamic Models and Integrated Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Models | |
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Introduction | |
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Classic Pharmacodynamic Models Based on Traditional Receptor Theory | |
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Empirical Pharmacodynamic Models Used Clinically | |
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Integrated PK-PD Models: E<sub>max</sub> Models Combined with a PK Model for Intravenous Bolus Infection in a One-Compartment Model | |
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Hystersis and the Effect Compartment | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Mechanism-Based Integrated Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Models | |
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Introduction | |
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Alternative Models for Drug-Receptor Interaction: Operational Model of Agonism | |
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Physiological Turnover Model and Its Characteristics | |
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Indirect Effect Models | |
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Transduction and Transit Compartment Models | |
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Tolerance Models | |
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Irreversible Drug Effects | |
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Disease Progression Models | |
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Problems | |
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References | |
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Review of Exponents and Logarithms | |
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Rates of Processes | |
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Creation of Excel Worksheets for Pharmacokinetic Analysis | |
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Derivation of Equations for Multiple Intravenous Bolus Injections | |
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Summary of the Properties of the Fictitious Drugs Used in the Text | |
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Computer Simulation Models. Glossary of Abbreviations and Symbols | |
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Index. | |