| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
About the Authors | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Sustainability | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
Emergence of the Sustainable Movement | |
| |
| |
Olmsted and Vaux | |
| |
| |
Preservation vs. Conservation | |
| |
| |
Emergence of the Land Ethic | |
| |
| |
Post World War II | |
| |
| |
Our Common Future | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Landscapes | |
| |
| |
LEED | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Sites Initiative | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Maintenance | |
| |
| |
Green-washing | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
Suggested Reading | |
| |
| |
Background | |
| |
| |
The Environmentalist Perspective | |
| |
| |
The Skeptic Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
Sustainable Landscape Design | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Process of Sustainable Landscape Design | |
| |
| |
Documenting Physical and Environmental Features of the Site | |
| |
| |
Starting the Landscape Design Process | |
| |
| |
Design Intent | |
| |
| |
Plant Selections to Increase Sustainability | |
| |
| |
Growing Environment | |
| |
| |
Creating Aesthetically Pleasing Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Creating Functional Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Designing Lawn Areas | |
| |
| |
Designing Planting Beds | |
| |
| |
Designing for Access and Circulation | |
| |
| |
Creating Landscapes that Meet Basic Human Physical and Cognitive Needs | |
| |
| |
Provide for Optimum Site Accessibility, Safety, and Wayfinding | |
| |
| |
Provide Opportunities for Outdoor Physical Activity | |
| |
| |
Provide Views of Vegetation and Quiet Outdoor Spaces for Mental Restoration | |
| |
| |
Provide Outdoor Spaces for Social Interaction | |
| |
| |
Reduce Light Pollution | |
| |
| |
Designing to Minimize Maintenance | |
| |
| |
Designing to Minimize Maintenance Labor | |
| |
| |
Designing to Minimize Maintenance Products | |
| |
| |
Designing to Enhance a Landscape's Short- and Long-term Cost-Effectiveness | |
| |
| |
Short-Term Cost Effectiveness | |
| |
| |
Long-Term Cost Effectiveness | |
| |
| |
Integrating Specialized Design Approaches to Maximize Short- and Long-term Sustainability | |
| |
| |
Minimize or Eliminate Potable Water Consumption for Irrigation | |
| |
| |
Preserve and Restore Native Wildlife Habitat | |
| |
| |
Promote a Sense of Place with Native Vegetation and Appropriate Site Adapted Species | |
| |
| |
Manage Water On-site | |
| |
| |
Cleanse Water On-site | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
Literature Reviewed | |
| |
| |
Additional Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Sustainable Landscape Construction: Process, Irrigation Systems and Hardscape Materials | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
The Conventional Landscape Construction Process | |
| |
| |
Rough Grading | |
| |
| |
Finish Grading | |
| |
| |
Cleanup | |
| |
| |
A Sustainable Landscape Construction Process Alternative | |
| |
| |
Control and Retain Construction Pollutants | |
| |
| |
Divert Construction and Demolition Materials from Disposal | |
| |
| |
Reuse or Recycle Vegetation, Rocks and Soil Generated during Construction | |
| |
| |
Preserving and Incorporating Existing Vegetation | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Irrigation Design and Installation Strategies | |
| |
| |
Irrigation Design | |
| |
| |
Irrigation Installation | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Hardscape Materials | |
| |
| |
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle | |
| |
| |
Environmental Impact after Installation | |
| |
| |
Maintenance Requirements | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Hardscape Products for Entrance Areas, Driveways, Walkways and Outdoor Seating Areas | |
| |
| |
Other Sustainable Hardscape Products | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
Additional Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
Retro-fitting Existing Landscapes for Sustainability | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Site Analysis for Retrofitting | |
| |
| |
Does the Landscape Design Still Work Aesthetically? | |
| |
| |
Are there Landscape Maintenance Issues? | |
| |
| |
Are there Problems with Infrastructure Elements (Sidewalks, Driveways, Parking Areas, Lighting, Etc.) | |
| |
| |
Are Lighting Elements Functioning at their Optimum Level? | |
| |
| |
Identifying Opportunities to Improve Landscape Sustainability | |
| |
| |
Eliminating Problem Areas | |
| |
| |
Improving Access and Circulation | |
| |
| |
Improving Maintenance Efficiencies | |
| |
| |
Improving Irrigation Effectiveness | |
| |
| |
Managing Water on Site | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Ecosystem Development and Management in the Context of Sustainable Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Landscapes and Ecosystem Services | |
| |
| |
Historical Review of Ecological Design | |
| |
| |
How Landscapes Function as Ecosystems | |
| |
| |
Considerations in Designing a New Landscape Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
Designer's Intent in Creating a Landscape Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
Plant Materials for Creating a Landscape Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
Establishment Strategies for a New Landscape Ecosystem | |
| |
| |
Management Strategies for a Landscape Ecosystem: Post Planting Succession, Plant Attrition due to Changing Microclimates, and Encroachment of Non-Planted Species | |
| |
| |
Post-Planting Succession | |
| |
| |
Plant Attrition due to Changing Microclimates | |
| |
| |
Encroachment of Non-planted Species | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Environmental Issues | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Nutrient Leaching and Runoff | |
| |
| |
Phosphorus | |
| |
| |
Nitrogen | |
| |
| |
Pesticide Leaching and Runoff | |
| |
| |
Health Concerns Associated With Pesticides | |
| |
| |
Fish and Wildlife Issues Associated With Pesticides | |
| |
| |
Air Pollution Due to Power Equipment Emissions | |
| |
| |
Depletion of Water Resources | |
| |
| |
Sustainability and Environmental Rhetoric | |
| |
| |
Perspectives on Environmental Issues Regarding Pesticide Use | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Sustainable Soils for Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Healthy Soils | |
| |
| |
Biological Factors | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Options in Developing Soils for Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Fill Soils | |
| |
| |
On-site Soils | |
| |
| |
Amending On-site Soils | |
| |
| |
Importing, Manufacturing or Augmenting Landscape Soils | |
| |
| |
Managing Soils Sustainably | |
| |
| |
Mulch | |
| |
| |
Moisture, Compaction and Aeration | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Managing Trees, Shrubs and Beds Sustainably | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Planting | |
| |
| |
Field Grown Bare Root Stock | |
| |
| |
Balled and Burlapped and Spade Dug Stock | |
| |
| |
Container Grown Stock | |
| |
| |
The Planting Hole | |
| |
| |
Other Amendments | |
| |
| |
Post Planting Care | |
| |
| |
Fertilization | |
| |
| |
Fertilizing transplants during establishment | |
| |
| |
Maintaining Long-Term Plant Health | |
| |
| |
Alleviating Nutrient Deficiencies | |
| |
| |
Assessing Fertilizer Needs | |
| |
| |
Irrigation | |
| |
| |
Irrigating New Plantings | |
| |
| |
Irrigating Mature Plantings | |
| |
| |
Reducing Irrigation in Landscape Beds | |
| |
| |
Improving Irrigation System Performance | |
| |
| |
Pruning | |
| |
| |
Pruning Shrubs and Groundcovers in Commercial Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Pruning Trees in Commercial Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Pruning Strategies for Young Trees | |
| |
| |
Pruning Strategies for Shrubs and Groundcovers | |
| |
| |
Problems Associated with Questionable Pruning Decisions | |
| |
| |
The Impact of Construction and Design Decisions on Pruning | |
| |
| |
General Pruning Strategies | |
| |
| |
Managing the Waste Stream | |
| |
| |
Managing Leaf Drop | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Lawns in Sustainable Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Matching Grass Types to Climate in Theory and Practice | |
| |
| |
Impact of Grass Breeding Programs | |
| |
| |
Species for Sustainable Lawns | |
| |
| |
Cool Season Grasses for Sustainable Lawns | |
| |
| |
Warm Season Grasses for Sustainable Lawns | |
| |
| |
Other Commonly Planted Grasses | |
| |
| |
Grass and Dicot Species Combinations for Sustainable Lawns | |
| |
| |
Suitable Grass Plus Dicot Mixes | |
| |
| |
Sustainable Maintenance Strategies | |
| |
| |
Mowing Strategies | |
| |
| |
Irrigation Strategies | |
| |
| |
Fertilization Strategies | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Sustainable Pest Management | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Defining IPM | |
| |
| |
The Components of IPM | |
| |
| |
Pre-construction Planning | |
| |
| |
Analysis of Existing Landscapes | |
| |
| |
Monitoring | |
| |
| |
Developing Action Thresholds | |
| |
| |
Selecting Resistant Plants | |
| |
| |
Insect Control strategies | |
| |
| |
Biological Insect Control Options | |
| |
| |
Control Options with Synthetic Insecticides | |
| |
| |
Disease Control Strategies | |
| |
| |
Weed Control Strategies | |
| |
| |
Weed Encroachment in Landscape Beds | |
| |
| |
Weed Control in Lawns | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Study Questions | |
| |
| |
References Cited | |
| |
| |
Additional Reading | |