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| Preface | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Ideas of Sampling and Estimation | |
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| Sampling Units | |
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| Sampling and Nonsampling Errors | |
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| Models in Sampling | |
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| Adaptive and Nonadaptive Designs | |
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| Some Sampling History | |
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| Basic Sampling | |
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| Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Selecting a Simple Random Sample | |
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| Estimating the Population Mean | |
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| Estimating the Population Total | |
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| Some Underlying Ideas | |
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| Random Sampling with Replacement | |
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| Derivations for Random Sampling | |
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| Model-Based Approach to Sampling | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Entering Data in R | |
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| Sample Estimates | |
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| Simulation | |
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| Further Comments on the Use of Simulation | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Confidence Interval for the Population Mean or Total | |
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| Finite-Population Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Confidence Interval Computation | |
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| Simulations Illustrating the Approximate Normality of a Sampling Distribution with Small n and N | |
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| Daily Precipitation Data | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Sample Size for Estimating a Population Mean | |
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| Sample Size for Estimating a Population Total | |
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| Sample Size for Relative Precision | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Estimating Proportions, Ratios, and Subpopulation Means | |
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| Estimating a Population Proportion | |
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| Confidence Interval for a Proportion | |
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| Sample Size for Estimating a Proportion | |
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| Sample Size for Estimating Several Proportions Simultaneously | |
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| Estimating a Ratio | |
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| Estimating a Mean, Total, or Proportion of a Subpopulation | |
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| Estimating a Subpopulation Mean | |
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| Estimating a Proportion for a Subpopulation | |
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| Estimating a Subpopulation Total | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Unequal Probability Sampling | |
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| Sampling with Replacement: The Hansen-Hurwitz Estimator | |
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| Any Design: The Horvitz-Thompson Estimator | |
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| Generalized Unequal-Probability Estimator | |
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| Small Population Example | |
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| Derivations and Comments | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Writing an R Function to Simulate a Sampling Strategy | |
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| Comparing Sampling Strategies | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Making The Best Use Of Survey Data | |
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| Auxiliary Data and Ratio Estimation | |
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| Ratio Estimator | |
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| Small Population Illustrating Bias | |
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| Derivations and Approximations for the Ratio Estimator | |
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| Finite-Population Central Limit Theorem for the Ratio Estimator | |
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| Ratio Estimation with Unequal Probability Designs | |
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| Models in Ratio Estimation | |
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| Types of Estimators for a Ratio | |
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| Design Implications of Ratio Models | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Regression Estimation | |
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| Linear Regression Estimator | |
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| Regression Estimation with Unequal Probability Designs | |
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| Regression Model | |
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| Multiple Regression Models | |
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| Design Implications of Regression Models | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Sufficient Statistic in Sampling | |
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| The Set of Distinct, Labeled Observations | |
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| Estimation in Random Sampling with Replacement | |
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| Estimation in Probability-Proportional-to-Size Sampling | |
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| Comments on the Improved Estimates | |
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| Design and Model | |
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| Uses of Design and Model in Sampling | |
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| Connections between the Design and Model Approaches | |
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| Some Comments | |
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| Likelihood Function in Sampling | |
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| Some Useful Designs | |
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| Stratified Sampling | |
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| Estimating the Population Total | |
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| With Any Stratified Design | |
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| With Stratified Random Sampling | |
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| Estimating the Population Mean | |
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| With Any Stratified Design | |
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| With Stratified Random Sampling | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| The Stratification Principle | |
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| Allocation in Stratified Random Sampling | |
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| Poststratification | |
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| Population Model for a Stratified Population | |
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| Derivations for Stratified Sampling | |
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| Optimum Allocation | |
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| Poststratification Variance | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Cluster and Systematic Sampling | |
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| Primary Units Selected by Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Unbiased Estimator | |
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| Ratio Estimator | |
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| Primary Units Selected with Probabilities Proportional to Size | |
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| Hansen-Hurwitz (PPS) Estimator | |
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| Horvitz-Thompson Estimator | |
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| The Basic Principle | |
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| Single Systematic Sample | |
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| Variance and Cost in Cluster and Systematic Sampling | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Multistage Designs | |
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| Simple Random Sampling at Each Stage | |
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| Unbiased Estimator | |
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| Ratio Estimator | |
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| Primary Units Selected with Probability Proportional to Size | |
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| Any Multistage Design with Replacement | |
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| Cost and Sample Sizes | |
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| Derivations for Multistage Designs | |
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| Unbiased Estimator | |
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| Ratio Estimator | |
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| Probability-Proportional-to-Size Sampling | |
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| More Than Two Stages | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Double or Two-Phase Sampling | |
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| Ratio Estimation with Double Sampling | |
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| Allocation in Double Sampling for Ratio Estimation | |
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| Double Sampling for Stratification | |
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| Derivations for Double Sampling | |
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| Approximate Mean and Variance: Ratio Estimation | |
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| Optimum Allocation for Ratio Estimation | |
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| Expected Value and Variance: Stratification | |
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| Nonsampling Errors and Double Sampling | |
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| Nonresponse, Selection Bias, or Volunteer Bias | |
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| Double Sampling to Adjust for Nonresponse: Callbacks | |
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| Response Modeling and Nonresponse Adjustments | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Methods For Elusive And Hard-To-Detect Populations | |
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| Network Sampling and Link-Tracing Designs | |
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| Estimation of the Population Total or Mean | |
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| Multiplicity Estimator | |
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| Horvitz-Thompson Estimator | |
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| Derivations and Comments | |
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| Stratification in Network Sampling | |
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| Other Link-Tracing Designs | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Detectability and Sampling | |
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| Constant Detectability over a Region | |
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| Estimating Detectability | |
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| Effect of Estimated Detectability | |
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| Detectability with Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Estimated Detectability and Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Sampling with Replacement | |
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| Derivations | |
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| Unequal Probability Sampling of Groups with Unequal Detection Probabilities | |
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| Derivations | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Line and Point Transects | |
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| Density Estimation Methods for Line Transects | |
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| Narrow-Strip Method | |
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| Smooth-by-Eye Method | |
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| Parametric Methods | |
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| Nonparametric Methods | |
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| Estimating f (0) by the Kernel Method | |
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| Fourier Series Method | |
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| Designs for Selecting Transects | |
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| Random Sample of Transects | |
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| Unbiased Estimator | |
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| Ratio Estimator | |
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| Systematic Selection of Transects | |
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| Selection with Probability Proportional to Length | |
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| Note on Estimation of Variance for the Kernel Method | |
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| Some Underlying Ideas about Line Transects | |
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| Line Transects and Detectability Functions | |
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| Single Transect | |
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| Average Detectability | |
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| Random Transect | |
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| Average Detectability and Effective Area | |
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| Effect of Estimating Detectability | |
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| Probability Density Function of an Observed Distance | |
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| Detectability Imperfect on the Line or Dependent on Size | |
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| Estimation Using Individual Detectabilities | |
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| Estimation of Individual Detectabilities | |
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| Detectability Functions other than Line Transects | |
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| Variable Circular Plots or Point Transects | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Capture-Recapture Sampling | |
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| Single Recapture | |
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| Models for Simple Capture-Recapture | |
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| Sampling Design in Capture-Recapture: Ratio Variance Estimator | |
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| Random Sampling with Replacement of Detectability Units | |
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| Random Sampling without Replacement | |
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| Estimating Detectability with Capture-Recapture Methods | |
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| Multiple Releases | |
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| More Elaborate Models | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Line-Intercept Sampling | |
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| Random Sample of Lines: Fixed Direction | |
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| Lines of Random Position and Direction | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Spatial Sampling | |
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| Spatial Prediction or Kriging | |
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| Spatial Covariance Function | |
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| Linear Prediction (Kriging) | |
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| Variogram | |
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| Predicting the Value over a Region | |
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| Derivations and Comments | |
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| Computing Notes | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Spatial Designs | |
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| Design for Local Prediction | |
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| Design for Prediction of Mean of Region | |
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| Plot Shapes and Observational Methods | |
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| Observations from Plots | |
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| Observations from Detectability Units | |
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| Comparisons of Plot Shapes and Detectability Methods | |
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| Adaptive Sampling | |
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| Adaptive Sampling Designs | |
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| Adaptive and Conventional Designs and Estimators | |
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| Brief Survey of Adaptive Sampling | |
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| Adaptive Cluster Sampling | |
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| Designs | |
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| Initial Simple Random Sample without Replacement | |
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| Initial Random Sample with Replacement | |
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| Estimators | |
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| Initial Sample Mean | |
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| Estimation Using Draw-by-Draw Intersections | |
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| Estimation Using Initial Intersection Probabilities | |
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| When Adaptive Cluster Sampling Is Better than Simple Random Sampling | |
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| Expected Sample Size, Cost, and Yield | |
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| Comparative Efficiencies of Adaptive and Conventional Sampling | |
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| Further Improvement of Estimators | |
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| Derivations | |
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| Data for Examples and Figures | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Systematic and Strip Adaptive Cluster Sampling | |
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| Designs | |
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| Estimators | |
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| Initial Sample Mean | |
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| Estimator Based on Partial Selection Probabilities | |
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| Estimator Based on Partial Inclusion Probabilities | |
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| Calculations for Adaptive Cluster Sampling Strategies | |
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| Comparisons with Conventional Systematic and Cluster Sampling | |
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| Derivations | |
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| Example Data | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Stratified Adaptive Cluster Sampling | |
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| Designs | |
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| Estimators | |
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| Estimators Using Expected Numbers of Initial Intersections | |
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| Estimator Using Initial Intersection Probabilities | |
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| Comparisons with Conventional Stratified Sampling | |
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| Further Improvement of Estimators | |
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| Example Data | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |