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| Sustainable Human-Dominated Ecosystems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Axioms of Ecological Engineering | |
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| Sustainable Design Principles | |
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| Global Population Dynamics-The Forcing Function | |
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| Global Fertility Rate Trajectories | |
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| Changing Global Demographics | |
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| Human-Dominated Earth | |
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| Increasing Demands for Ecosystem Services | |
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| Human Impacts through Urbanization | |
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| Land Use Change | |
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| Agricultural Production | |
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| Water Resource Demands | |
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| Lessons from the First Green Revolution | |
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| Structure of This Book | |
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| References | |
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| Ecosystem Services | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origin of Ecosystem Services | |
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| The Value of Ecosystem Services | |
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| Classifying Ecosystem Services | |
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| The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment | |
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| Why Biodiversity Matters | |
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| Ecosystem Services, Land Use, and Biodiversity | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Designing Ecosystem Services | |
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| Design Challenges and Needs | |
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| Current Design Methods Deficiencies | |
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| Ecosystem Services Design Ethics | |
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| Legitimacy and the Design Process | |
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| The Design Process | |
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| Synthesis | |
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| The Ecotechnology Design Team | |
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| Defining the Appropriate Management Structure | |
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| Analysis and Deliberation | |
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| Mapping Ecosystem Services Processes | |
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| Defining Priorities | |
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| Setting Design Goals | |
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| Implementing Design Goals | |
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| Assessing Ecosystem Services Design | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Defining Place: Biomes and Ecoregions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biogeographical Realms | |
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| Biomes | |
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| Ecoregions | |
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| Bailey's Ecoregions | |
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| Omernik's Ecoregions | |
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| Olson's Ecoregions | |
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| Other Land Classification Systems | |
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| Climate Change and Ecoregions | |
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| Land Use Change and Ecoregions | |
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| References | |
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| Defining Place: The Watershed | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Watershed Services | |
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| Watershed Characteristics: Physical Description | |
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| Watershed Hydrologic Characteristics | |
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| Watershed Water Quality Characteristics | |
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| Watershed Human Impacts | |
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| Summary of Watershed Characteristics | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Defining Place: The Site | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physical Characterization | |
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| Hydrological Characterization | |
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| Biological Characterization | |
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| Climatological Characterization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Defining Place: Soils as a Living Organism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Morphology | |
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| Soil Physics | |
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| Soil Fertility | |
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| Soil Ecology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Fundamental Principles of Ecology for Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamental Principles of Ecology | |
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| Organisms and Place | |
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| Adaptation Processes | |
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| Responses to Environmental Variation | |
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| Landforms and Ecosystem Function | |
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| Patches, Corridors, and Connectivity | |
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| Ecotones and Edge Effects | |
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| Landform Metrics | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Energy and Mass Flow Through Ecosystems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy Flow through Ecosystems | |
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| Energy Balance in the Biosphere | |
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| Emergy as a Unit of Analysis | |
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| Trophic Levels | |
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| Energy Density | |
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| Primary Production | |
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| Designing Trophic Levels | |
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| Mass Flow through Ecosystems | |
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| Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| Carbon Cycle | |
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| Nitrogen Cycle | |
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| Phosphorus Cycle | |
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| References | |
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| Designing Community Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hierarchical Processes | |
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| Types of Restoration Design | |
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| Biotic Interactions | |
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| Community Interactions | |
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| Competition | |
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| Consumption | |
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| Commensalism | |
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| Metapopulations | |
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| Species-Area Relationship | |
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| Minimum Viable Populations | |
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| Minimum Viable Metapopulations | |
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| Regional Processes | |
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| Species Pool | |
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| Dispersal | |
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| Colonization Sequence | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| Environmental and Habitat Impacts | |
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| Abiotic Filters | |
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| Disturbance Regimes | |
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| Habitat Heterogeneity | |
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| References | |
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| Ecosystem Control and Feedback Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Population Control Processes | |
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| Reproductive Strategies | |
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| Survivorship | |
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| Growth Rates | |
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| Community Control Processes | |
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| Plants and Nutrients | |
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| Resource Competition | |
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| Feedback Processes | |
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| Atmospheric Feedback Loops | |
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| Soil Feedback Loops | |
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| Consumer Feedback Loops | |
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| Designing Ecosystem Complexity | |
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| Self-Organization | |
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| References | |
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| Stream Restoration Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Hydrology | |
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| Sedimentology | |
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| Geomorphology | |
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| Habitat | |
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| Connectivity | |
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| Riparian Corridor | |
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| Construction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Designing Ecosystem Services by Landform | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ecosystem Services Design Process | |
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| Agricultural Lands | |
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| Forests | |
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| Grasslands | |
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| Wetlands | |
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| Urban Areas | |
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| References | |
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| Green Infrastructure Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Green Infrastructure Network | |
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| Green Infrastructure Planning | |
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| The Tools of Green Infrastructure | |
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| Scale Matters | |
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| The Sustainable Cities Initiative | |
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| United Nations World Urban Forum | |
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| ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Low Impact Development | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hydrology | |
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| Initial Steps | |
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| Minimizing Change to Pre-development CN | |
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| Maintaining or Increasing t<sub>c</sub> | |
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| Integrated Management Practices | |
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| Bioretention | |
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| Dry Wells | |
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| Rain Barrels and Cisterns | |
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| Vegetated or Grassed Swales | |
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| Infiltration Trenches | |
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| Tree Box Filters | |
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| Vegetated or Green Roofs | |
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| Filter Strips | |
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| Rain Gardens | |
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| Water Quality | |
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| Minimization | |
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| Natural Filtration | |
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| Constructed Filtration | |
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| Evaporation | |
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| Pollution Prevention | |
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| Hydrologic Analysis | |
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| Refugia | |
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| Ecosystem System Services Assessment/Design | |
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| Define Project Objectives and Goals | |
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| Perform Site Evaluation and Analysis | |
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| Develop LID Control Strategies | |
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| Design LID Site or Master Plan | |
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| Develop Operation and Maintenance Procedures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| References | |
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| Ecosystem Services Design in Agriculture and Industry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Agricultural Sustainability Indicators | |
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| Summary of Sustainability Indicators | |
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| Environmental Indicators for Soil | |
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| Environmental Indicators for Water | |
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| Environmental Indicators for Habitat | |
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| Social and Cultural Indicators | |
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| Economic Indicators | |
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| Field-Scale Indicators | |
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| Industrial Sustainability Metrics | |
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| Scope Selection | |
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| Identify Priority Ecosystem Services | |
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| Analyze Trends in Priority Ecosystem Services | |
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| Identify Business Risks and Opportunities | |
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| Develop Strategies for Addressing Risks and Opportunities | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |