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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction to the Chemistry of Life | |
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| The Origin of Life | |
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| Biological Molecules Arose from Inorganic Materials | |
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| Complex Self-replicating Systems Evolved from Simple Molecules | |
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| Cellular Architecture | |
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| Cells Evolved to Carry Out Metabolic Reactions | |
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| There Are Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | |
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| Molecular Data Reveal Three Evolutionary Domains of Organisms | |
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| Organisms Continue to Evolve | |
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| Thermodynamics | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics States that Energy Is Conserved | |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics States that Entropy Tends to Increase | |
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| The Free Energy Change Determines the Spontaneity of a Process | |
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| Free Energy Changes Can Be Calculated from Equilibrium Concentrations | |
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| Life Obeys the Laws of Thermodynamics | |
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| Box 1-1 Pathways of Discovery | |
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| Lynn Margulis and the Theory of Endosymbiosis | |
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| Box 1-2 Perspectives in Biochemistry | |
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| Biochemical Conventions | |
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| Water | |
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| Physical Properties of Water | |
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| Water Is a Polar Molecule | |
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| Hydrophilic Substances Dissolve in Water | |
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| The Hydrophobic Effect Causes Nonpolar Substances to Aggregate in Water | |
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| Water Moves by Osmosis and Solutes Move by Diffusion | |
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| Chemical Properties of Water | |
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| Water Ionizes to Form H + and OH a?? | |
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| Acids and Bases Alter the pH | |
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| Buffers Resist Changes in pH | |
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| Box 2-1 Biochemistry in Health and Disease | |
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| The Blood Buffering System | |
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| Biomolecules | |
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| Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Genetic Information | |
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| Nucleotides | |
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| Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure | |
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| Nucleic Acids Are Polymers of Nucleotides | |
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| The DNA Forms a Double Helix | |
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| RNA Is a Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid | |
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| Overview of Nucleic Acid Function | |
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| DNA Carries Genetic Information | |
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| Genes Direct Protein Synthesis | |
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| Nucleic Acid Sequencing | |
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| Restriction Endonucleases Cleave DNA at Specific Sequences | |
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| Electrophoresis Separates Nucleic Acids According to Size | |
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| DNA Is Sequenced by the Chain-Terminator Method A#1 | |