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| Preface | |
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| Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics | |
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| Energy sources for muscular activity | |
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| Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency | |
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| Energy continuum | |
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| Energy supply for muscle contraction | |
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| Energy systems and running speed | |
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| Why can't a marathon be sprinted? | |
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| Energy sources and muscle | |
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| Can muscle use protein for energy? | |
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| Key points | |
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| Skeletal muscle structure and function | |
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| Skeletal muscle structure | |
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| Gross anatomical structure | |
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| The muscle fibre | |
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| Muscle contraction | |
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| Propagation of the action potential | |
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| Excitation-contraction coupling | |
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| The sliding filament mechanism | |
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| Muscle fibre types | |
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| General classification of muscle fibres | |
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| Muscle fibre distribution | |
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| Muscle fibre recruitment | |
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| Muscles in action | |
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| Types of muscle contraction | |
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| The twitch contraction | |
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| The length-tension relationship | |
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| Tetanus contractions | |
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| Force-velocity relationship | |
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| Muscle fatigue | |
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| Key points | |
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| Biochemical concepts | |
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| Organization of matter | |
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| Matter and elements | |
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| Atoms and atomic structure | |
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| Atomic number and mass number | |
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| Atomic mass | |
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| Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients | |
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| Chemical bonding | |
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| Ionic bonds | |
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| Covalent bonds | |
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| Molecular formulae and structures | |
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| Functional groups | |
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| Chemical reactions, ATP and energy | |
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| Energy | |
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| ATP | |
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| Units of energy | |
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| Types of chemical reactions | |
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| Water | |
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| General functions of water | |
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| Water as a solvent | |
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| Solutions and concentrations | |
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| Acid-base balance | |
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| Acids, bases and salts | |
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| pH Scale | |
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| Buffers | |
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| Cell structure | |
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| The plasma membrane | |
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| The nucleus | |
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| Cytoplasm and organelles | |
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| Key points | |
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| Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry | |
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| Proteins | |
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| Protein function | |
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| General protein function | |
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| Amino acids | |
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| Amino acid structure | |
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| Protein structure | |
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| Primary structure | |
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| Secondary structure | |
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| Tertiary structure | |
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| Quaternary structure | |
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| Proteins as enzymes | |
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| Mechanisms of enzyme action | |
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| Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions | |
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| Coenzymes and cofactors | |
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| Classification of enzymes | |
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| Regulation of enzyme activity | |
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| Protein turnover | |
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| Overview of protein turnover | |
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| DNA structure | |
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| Transcription | |
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| The genetic code | |
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| Translation | |
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| Amino acid metabolism | |
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| Free amino acid pool | |
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| Transamination | |
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| Deamination | |
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| Branched chain amino acids | |
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| Glucose-alanine cycle | |
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| Glutamine | |
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| The urea cycle | |
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| Key points | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise | |
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| Types and structure of carbohydrates | |
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| Monosaccharides | |
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| Disaccharides and polysaccharides | |
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| Metabolism of carbohydrates | |
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| Glycogenolysis | |
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| Glycolysis | |
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| Lactate metabolism | |
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| The 'link' reaction; production of acetyl-CoA | |
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| The TCA (or Krebs) cycle | |
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| Electron transport chain | |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation | |
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| Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation | |
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| Overview of glucose oxidation | |
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| Fructose metabolism | |
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| Gluconeogenesis | |
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| Glycogenesis | |
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| Key points | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise | |
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| Structure of lipids | |
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| Classification of lipids | |
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| Compound lipids | |
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| Derived lipids | |
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| Metabolism of lipids | |
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| Lipolysis | |
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| �-oxidation | |
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| Ketone body formation | |
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| Formation of fatty acids | |
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| Triglyceride synthesis | |
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| Key points | |
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| Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise | |
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| Principles of metabolic regulation | |
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| How are catabolic and anabolic reactions controlled? | |
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| Hormones | |
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| Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation | |
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| Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis | |
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| Adrenaline activation of lipolysis | |
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| Insulin activation of glycogen synthase | |
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| Insulin inhibition of lipolysis | |
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| Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis | |
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| Steroid hormones and regulation | |
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| Allosteric effectors | |
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| Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase | |
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| Regulation of PFK | |
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| Regulation of PDH | |
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| Regulation of CPT1 | |
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| AMPK as a metabolic regulator | |
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| Key points | |
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| High-intensity exercise | |
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| Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in high-intensity exercise | |
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| Definition of high-intensity exercise | |
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| Energy production during high-intensity exercise | |
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| Evidence of energy sources used in HIE | |
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| Metabolic regulation during high-intensity exercise | |
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| Effects of exercise duration | |
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| Effects of nutritional status | |
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| Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE? | |
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| Effects of training | |
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| Mechanisms of fatigue | |
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| Reduced ATP | |
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| Reduced PCr | |
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| Increased P<sub>i</sub> | |
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| Lactate and H<sup>+</sup> | |
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| Key points | |
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| Endurance exercise | |
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| Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in endurance exercise | |
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| Definition and models of endurance exercise | |
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| Energy production in endurance exercise | |
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| Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise | |
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| Effects of exercise intensity | |
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| CHO metabolism | |
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| Lipid metabolism | |
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| Effects of exercise duration | |
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| Effects of nutritional status | |
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| CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability | |
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| Fat-loading strategies | |
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| Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion | |
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| Pre-exercise FFA availability | |
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| Effects of training status | |
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| CHO metabolism | |
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| Lipid metabolism | |
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| Protein metabolism | |
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| Mechanisms of fatigue | |
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| Key points | |
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| High-intensity intermittent exercise | |
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| Overview of energy production in intermittent exercise | |
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| Definition and models of intermittent exercise | |
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| Energy systems utilized in intermittent exercise | |
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| Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise | |
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| Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio | |
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| Effects of nutritional status | |
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| Muscle glycogen availability | |
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| Pre-exercise CHO ingestion | |
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| CHO ingestion during exercise | |
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| Muscle adaptations to interval training | |
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| Mechanisms of fatigue | |
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| Carbohydrate availability | |
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| PCr depletion | |
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| Acidosis | |
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| Extracellular potassium | |
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| Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | |
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| P<sub>i</sub> accumulation and impaired Ca<sup>2+</sup> release | |
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| Key points | |
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| References and suggested readings | |
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| Index | |