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| About the Author | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Note to Readers | |
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| RFID: General Features, Basic Principles and Market | |
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| Introduction, Definitions and Vocabulary | |
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| To Understand Radio Frequency, We Must Know about Frequencies and Their Classification | |
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| RFID: Who Uses It and What For? | |
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| History | |
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| Radio Frequency (or Contactless) Identification and Its Range of Applications | |
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| The Concept of Contactless Communication | |
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| The Elements, Terms and Vocabulary of RFID | |
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| Vocabulary: The Many Terms Used for the Elements Of RFID | |
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| Appendix: Units and Constants | |
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| General Operating Principles of the Base Station and Tag Pair | |
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| Energy Transfer and Communication Modes | |
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| Forward Link and Return Link | |
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| Data Communications | |
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| The Principle of Communication | |
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| The Concept of Operating Modes | |
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| General Operating Problems in Data Transmission | |
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| More Specific Problems Relating to Long Distance RFID Systems | |
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| The Market and Applications for Contactless Technology | |
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| The Market for Contactless Technology and RFID | |
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| Applications for Tags | |
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| Operators and Participants in the Market | |
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| Wave Propagation: Principles, Theories ... and the Reality | |
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| Some Essential Theory | |
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| The Phenomenon of Propagation and Radiation | |
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| The Hertzian Dipole | |
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| Classification of Fields and Regions of Space | |
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| RFID Applications Using UHF and SHF, i.e. Far Field Applications | |
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| The Hertzian Dipole and the Dipole of any Length, �/n and �/2 | |
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| List of the Main Formulae in This Chapter | |
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| Appendix 1: Brief Notes on Maxwel's Equations | |
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| Appendix 2: Brief Notes on Complex Numbers | |
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| Appendix 3: Brief Notes on Powers Expressed as Complex Numbers | |
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| Appendix 4: Brief Notes on Vectors | |
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| Wave Propagation in Free Space | |
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| Isotropic and Anisotropic Antennas | |
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| Antenna Gain | |
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| Power Flux Density at One Point in Space | |
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| Effective Radiated Power P<sub>ERP</sub> | |
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| Power Recovery at the Terminals of the Tag Antenna | |
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| Recovering the Transmitted Radiated Power (or Some of It) | |
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| The Concept of Aperture or Surface | |
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| Definition of the Main Parameters Required for an RFID Application | |
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| Reality Check: How to Manage Everyday Problems | |
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| Effects of the Application Environment | |
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| Tag Polarization Losses, �<sub>polarization</sub> = P | |
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| Antenna Load Mismatch Factor, �<sub>load matching</sub> = Q | |
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| Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) | |
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| Losses Due to the Physical Design of the Antenna, �<sub>antenna</sub> | |
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| By Way of Conclusion | |
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| Real-World Examples of RFID at UHF and 2.45 GHz | |
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| Effects of the Mounting of the Integrated Circuit on the Tag Substrate | |
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| By Way of Conclusion | |
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| Example at UHF and SHF | |
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| Appendix: Fact and Fantasy about UHF Tags and Water | |
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| Reflection and/or Reradiation of Waves and RFID Applications | |
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| The Physical Phenomenon of Wave Scattering | |
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| Scattering Modes | |
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| Power Dispersed/Reradiated/Reflected by the Tag, P<sub>s</sub> | |
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| Radar Cross-Section (RCS) of the Tag, �<sub>e s</sub> | |
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| Appendix | |
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| The Back Scattering Technique and Its Application | |
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| The Principle of Communication by Back Scattering between the Base Station and the Tag | |
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| The Merit Factor of a Tag, ��<sub>e s</sub> or �RCS | |
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| Appendix: Summary of the Principal Formulae of Chapters 7, 8 and 9 | |
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| RFID Case Studies Summarizing the Preceding Chapters | |
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| Case 1: Application to a Remotely Powered Passive Tag | |
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| Case 2: Application to a Battery-Assisted Passive Tag | |
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| Examples 1a and B: Application to a Remotely Powered Passive Tag | |
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| Example 2: Application to a Battery-Assisted Passive Tag | |
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| Communication and Transmission, Baseband Signals, Carrier Modulation and Interleaving | |
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| Digital Aspect: Bit Coding and Baseband Signals | |
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| Bit Coding | |
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| Different Types of Bit Coding for RFID at UHF and SHF | |
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| Summary of the Different Types of Bit Coding | |
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| Analogue Aspect: Carrier Modulation Methods | |
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| Type of Modulation | |
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| Types of Carrier Modulation for the Forward Link from the Base Station to the Tag | |
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| Amplitude Modulation | |
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| Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Spread Spectrum Techniques | |
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| Frequency Hopping and Agility Systems and Spread Spectrum Techniques | |
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| Spread Spectrum Techniques (Spread Spectrum Modulation SS) | |
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| Frequency Hopping or Agility Systems for Spreading the Radiated Spectrum of Narrowband Modulated Carriers | |
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| Spread Spectrum Systems for Spreading the Radiated Spectrum of Wide Band Modulated Carriers | |
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| Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques: DSSS and FHSS | |
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| Back to the Future | |
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| Examples at SHF | |
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| FHSS, LBT, DSSS ... and RFID | |
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| Interactions and Conclusion | |
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| Relations, Interactions and Performance: How They Are Affected by the Choice of Bit Coding and the Types of Modulation Used | |
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| General Conclusion of Part Three | |
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| Standards and Regulations | |
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| Standards for RFID at UHF and SHF | |
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| The Purpose of the Standards | |
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| Users and Providers of Standards | |
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| The ISO/OSI Layer Models | |
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| ISO Standards for Contactless Technology | |
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| Appendix 1: Hierarchy and Structure of the EPC System | |
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| Appendix 2: The Structure of the EPC Number | |
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| Appendix 3: Some Facts about the Everyday Performance of ISO 18000-6 mode C EPC C1 G2 | |
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| Regulations and Human Exposure | |
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| Survey of Standards and Regulations | |
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| Summary of Regulations in the USA, Europe, France and the Rest of the World Relating to RFID at UHF and SHF | |
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| Standards for Magnetic and Electrical Fields in a Human Environment: Human Exposure | |
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| Other Requirements to be Met | |
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| Appendix: Local Regulations in France | |
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| The Effects and Repercussions of Regulations on Performance | |
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| Frequencies | |
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| Transmission Level | |
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| Summary | |
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| Comparison between Europe and the USA | |
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| UHF or 13.56 MHz around the World and in Europe | |
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| Appendix: The Main Standards and Regulations | |
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| Components for Tags and Base Stations | |
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| RFID Tags | |
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| Some General Remarks | |
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| Summary of Operating Principles | |
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| The Technology of Tags | |
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| Antennas for Tags | |
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| The Base Station | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Examples of Base Station Hardware Architecture | |
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| Examples of Products | |
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| Antennas for Base Stations | |
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| Some Concluding Remarks | |
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| Conformity, Performance and Methods for Evaluating Tags and Systems | |
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| Official Measurement and Test Methods | |
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| Required Parameters | |
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| Simple Methods of Measurement | |
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| By Way of Conclusion | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Useful Addresses, Component Manufacturers and Further Reading | |
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| Index | |