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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Text Boxes | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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| Fundamentals for Discerning Consumers | |
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| Understanding the Nature of Research | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is All This Research About? | |
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| Who Is All This Research For? | |
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| Is All of this Research Really That Important? | |
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| If Applied Linguistics Research Is So Important, How Can We Understand It Better? | |
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| Overview | |
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| Why Be a Consumer of Research? | |
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| The Motivation Behind Research | |
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| Demythologizing Research | |
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| The Meaning of True Research | |
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| Identifying Important Questions | |
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| Where Are the Answers? | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Additional Recommended Reading | |
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| How to Locate Research | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| Where to Look and What to Look For | |
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| Preliminary Sources | |
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| Secondary Sources | |
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| Tables of References/Bibliographies | |
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| Is All Primary Research of Equal Weight? | |
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| Differentiating Primary From Secondary | |
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| How to Obtain Research Articles | |
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| What Journals Are Related to Applied Linguistics? | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Additional Recommended Reading | |
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| The Major Components of Published Research | |
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| Understanding the Framework of a Primary Research Article | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| The Framework of a Research Article | |
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| The Title | |
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| The Abstract | |
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| The Introduction of a Study | |
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| Method | |
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| Results | |
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| Discussion/Conclusion | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Additional Recommended Reading | |
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| Understanding Where Data Come From: The Sample | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| Sampling Terminology | |
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| Sampling Paradigms | |
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| The Representative Sampling Paradigm | |
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| The Purposeful Sampling Paradigm: Sample Strategies for Maximizing Information | |
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| Ethics in Sampling of Human Participants | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Additional Recommended Reading | |
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| Understanding Research Designs | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| Classifying Research Designs | |
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| The Basic�Applied Continuum | |
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| The Qualitative�Quantitative Continuum | |
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| The Exploratory�Confirmatory Continuum | |
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| Questions and Designs | |
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| The What Questions | |
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| The Why Questions | |
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| Internal Validity | |
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| Key Terms and- Concepts | |
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| Additional Recommended Reading | |
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| Understanding Data Gathering | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| Collecting and Evaluating VerbalData | |
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| Observational Procedures | |
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| Evaluating the Dependability of Verbal Data Procedures | |
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| Collecting and Evaluating Numerical Data | |
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| Procedures for Gathering Numerical Data | |
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| Evaluating the Qualities of Numerical Data Gathering Procedures | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Additional Recommended Reading | |
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| Understanding Research Results | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| Introduction to Data Analysis | |
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| Numerical Versus Verbal Data | |
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| Common Practice | |
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| Analysis of Verbal Data | |
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| Evaluating Patterns and Themes | |
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| Evaluating Explanations and Conclusions | |
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| Analysis of Numerical Data | |
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| Overview of Statistics | |
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| Understanding Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Understanding Inferential Statistics | |
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| Statistical Procedures | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Additional Recommended Reading | |
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| Discerning Discussions and Conclusions: Completing the Picture | |
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| Chapter Overview | |
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| The Needed Ingredients | |
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| Questions Every Consumer Should Ask | |
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| Summarizing Research | |
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| Review of Research | |
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| Where to Begin | |
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| Abstracting Primary Literature | |
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| Writing a Review of Research | |
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| eta-Analysis | |
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| Going to the Next Level of Statistics | |
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| More About Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Types of Scales | |
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| Shape of the Data Distribution | |
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| The Average | |
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| Data Variance | |
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| More About Inferential Statistics | |
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| Univariate Versus Multivariate Procedures | |
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| More on Univariate ANOVAs | |
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| Multivariate ANOVAs | |
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| Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Type II Error and Power | |
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| Effect Size | |
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| More on the Null Hypothesis | |
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| The Logic of Testing the Null Hypothesis | |
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| Key Terms and Concepts | |
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| Journals Related to Applied Linguistics | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Notes | |
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| References | |
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| Website Reference | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |