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Foreword | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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List of Figures | |
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List of Text Boxes | |
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List of Tables | |
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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Fundamentals for Discerning Consumers | |
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Understanding the Nature of Research | |
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Introduction | |
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What Is All This Research About? | |
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Who Is All This Research For? | |
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Is All of this Research Really That Important? | |
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If Applied Linguistics Research Is So Important, How Can We Understand It Better? | |
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Overview | |
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Why Be a Consumer of Research? | |
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The Motivation Behind Research | |
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Demythologizing Research | |
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The Meaning of True Research | |
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Identifying Important Questions | |
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Where Are the Answers? | |
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Key Terms and Concepts | |
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Additional Recommended Reading | |
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How to Locate Research | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Where to Look and What to Look For | |
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Preliminary Sources | |
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Secondary Sources | |
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Tables of References/Bibliographies | |
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Is All Primary Research of Equal Weight? | |
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Differentiating Primary From Secondary | |
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How to Obtain Research Articles | |
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What Journals Are Related to Applied Linguistics? | |
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Key Terms and Concepts | |
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Additional Recommended Reading | |
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The Major Components of Published Research | |
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Understanding the Framework of a Primary Research Article | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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The Framework of a Research Article | |
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The Title | |
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The Abstract | |
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The Introduction of a Study | |
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Method | |
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Results | |
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Discussion/Conclusion | |
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Key Terms and Concepts | |
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Additional Recommended Reading | |
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Understanding Where Data Come From: The Sample | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Sampling Terminology | |
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Sampling Paradigms | |
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The Representative Sampling Paradigm | |
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The Purposeful Sampling Paradigm: Sample Strategies for Maximizing Information | |
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Ethics in Sampling of Human Participants | |
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Key Terms and Concepts | |
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Additional Recommended Reading | |
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Understanding Research Designs | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Classifying Research Designs | |
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The Basic�Applied Continuum | |
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The Qualitative�Quantitative Continuum | |
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The Exploratory�Confirmatory Continuum | |
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Questions and Designs | |
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The What Questions | |
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The Why Questions | |
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Internal Validity | |
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Key Terms and- Concepts | |
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Additional Recommended Reading | |
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Understanding Data Gathering | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Collecting and Evaluating VerbalData | |
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Observational Procedures | |
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Evaluating the Dependability of Verbal Data Procedures | |
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Collecting and Evaluating Numerical Data | |
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Procedures for Gathering Numerical Data | |
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Evaluating the Qualities of Numerical Data Gathering Procedures | |
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Reliability | |
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Validity | |
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Key Terms and Concepts | |
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Additional Recommended Reading | |
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Understanding Research Results | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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Introduction to Data Analysis | |
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Numerical Versus Verbal Data | |
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Common Practice | |
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Analysis of Verbal Data | |
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Evaluating Patterns and Themes | |
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Evaluating Explanations and Conclusions | |
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Analysis of Numerical Data | |
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Overview of Statistics | |
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Understanding Descriptive Statistics | |
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Understanding Inferential Statistics | |
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Statistical Procedures | |
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Key Terms and Concepts | |
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Additional Recommended Reading | |
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Discerning Discussions and Conclusions: Completing the Picture | |
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Chapter Overview | |
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The Needed Ingredients | |
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Questions Every Consumer Should Ask | |
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Summarizing Research | |
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Review of Research | |
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Where to Begin | |
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Abstracting Primary Literature | |
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Writing a Review of Research | |
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eta-Analysis | |
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Going to the Next Level of Statistics | |
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More About Descriptive Statistics | |
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Types of Scales | |
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Shape of the Data Distribution | |
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The Average | |
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Data Variance | |
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More About Inferential Statistics | |
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Univariate Versus Multivariate Procedures | |
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More on Univariate ANOVAs | |
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Multivariate ANOVAs | |
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Degrees of Freedom | |
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Type II Error and Power | |
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Effect Size | |
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More on the Null Hypothesis | |
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The Logic of Testing the Null Hypothesis | |
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Key Terms and Concepts | |
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Journals Related to Applied Linguistics | |
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Glossary | |
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Notes | |
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References | |
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Website Reference | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |