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List of illustrations | |
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List of texts | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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The origins of English (before 450) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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The origins of human language | |
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Language change | |
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Changes in Germanic before the invasions of Britain | |
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The world of the Germanic peoples | |
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The Germanic migrations | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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Old English: early Germanic Britain (450-700) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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The first peoples | |
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The Germanic incursions | |
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Introduction to Old English | |
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The Christianization of England | |
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Literature in the early Old English period | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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Old English: the Viking invasions and their consequences (700-1066/1100) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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The Viking invasions | |
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Linguistic influence of Old Norse | |
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Creolization | |
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Alfred's reforms and the West Saxon standard | |
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Monastic reform, linguistic developments, and literary genres | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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Middle English: the non-standard period (1066/1100-1350) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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Dynastic conflict and the Norman Conquest | |
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Linguistic features of Middle English in the non-standard period | |
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French influence on Middle English and the question of creolization | |
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English literature | |
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Dialectal diversity in early ME | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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Middle English: the emergence of Standard English (1350-1500) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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Political and social turmoil and demographic developments | |
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The expansion of domains | |
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Chancery English (Chancery Standard) | |
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Literature | |
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Variation | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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The Early Modern English period (1500-1700) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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The Early Modern English period | |
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Early Modern English | |
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Regulation and codification | |
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Religious and scientific prose and belles lettres | |
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Variation: South and North | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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The spread of English (since the late sixteenth century) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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Social-historical background | |
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Language policy | |
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The emergence of General English (GenE) | |
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Transplantation | |
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Linguistic correlates of European expansion | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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English in Great Britain and Ireland (since 1700) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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Social and historical developments in Britain and Ireland | |
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England and Wales | |
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Scotland | |
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Ireland | |
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Urban varieties | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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English pidgins, English Creoles, and English (since the early seventeenth century) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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European expansion and the slave trade | |
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Language contact | |
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Pidgins | |
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Creoles | |
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Theories of origins | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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English in North America (since the early seventeenth century) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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The beginnings of English in North America | |
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Colonial English | |
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Development of North American English after American independence | |
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Non-standard GenE | |
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Ethnic variety within AmE | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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English in the ENL communities of the Southern Hemisphere (since 1788) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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Social-historical background | |
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Southern Hemisphere English: grammar | |
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Southern Hemisphere English: pronunciation | |
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Southern Hemisphere English: vocabulary and pragmatics | |
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Regional and ethnic variation | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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English in the ESL countries of Africa and Asia (since 1795) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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English as a Second Language | |
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Language planning and policy | |
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Linguistic features of ESL | |
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Substrate influence | |
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Identitarian function of language | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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Global English (since 1945) | |
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Chapter overview | |
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The beginnings of Global English | |
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Media dominance | |
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Features of medialized language | |
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ENL, ESL, and ELF/EFL | |
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The identitarian role of the multiplicity of Englishes | |
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Summary | |
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Study questions | |
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Further reading | |
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The International Phonetic Alphabet | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |