| |
| |
| List of illustrations | |
| |
| |
| List of texts | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
| The origins of English (before 450) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The origins of human language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language change | |
| |
| |
| |
| Changes in Germanic before the invasions of Britain | |
| |
| |
| |
| The world of the Germanic peoples | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Germanic migrations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Old English: early Germanic Britain (450-700) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The first peoples | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Germanic incursions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Old English | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Christianization of England | |
| |
| |
| |
| Literature in the early Old English period | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Old English: the Viking invasions and their consequences (700-1066/1100) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Viking invasions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linguistic influence of Old Norse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Creolization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alfred's reforms and the West Saxon standard | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monastic reform, linguistic developments, and literary genres | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Middle English: the non-standard period (1066/1100-1350) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynastic conflict and the Norman Conquest | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linguistic features of Middle English in the non-standard period | |
| |
| |
| |
| French influence on Middle English and the question of creolization | |
| |
| |
| |
| English literature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dialectal diversity in early ME | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Middle English: the emergence of Standard English (1350-1500) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political and social turmoil and demographic developments | |
| |
| |
| |
| The expansion of domains | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chancery English (Chancery Standard) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Early Modern English period (1500-1700) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Early Modern English period | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Modern English | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulation and codification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religious and scientific prose and belles lettres | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variation: South and North | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| The spread of English (since the late sixteenth century) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social-historical background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language policy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The emergence of General English (GenE) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transplantation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linguistic correlates of European expansion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| English in Great Britain and Ireland (since 1700) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social and historical developments in Britain and Ireland | |
| |
| |
| |
| England and Wales | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scotland | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ireland | |
| |
| |
| |
| Urban varieties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| English pidgins, English Creoles, and English (since the early seventeenth century) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| European expansion and the slave trade | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language contact | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pidgins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Creoles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theories of origins | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| English in North America (since the early seventeenth century) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The beginnings of English in North America | |
| |
| |
| |
| Colonial English | |
| |
| |
| |
| Development of North American English after American independence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-standard GenE | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ethnic variety within AmE | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| English in the ENL communities of the Southern Hemisphere (since 1788) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social-historical background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Southern Hemisphere English: grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Southern Hemisphere English: pronunciation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Southern Hemisphere English: vocabulary and pragmatics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regional and ethnic variation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| English in the ESL countries of Africa and Asia (since 1795) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| English as a Second Language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language planning and policy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linguistic features of ESL | |
| |
| |
| |
| Substrate influence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identitarian function of language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Global English (since 1945) | |
| |
| |
| Chapter overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| The beginnings of Global English | |
| |
| |
| |
| Media dominance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Features of medialized language | |
| |
| |
| |
| ENL, ESL, and ELF/EFL | |
| |
| |
| |
| The identitarian role of the multiplicity of Englishes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Study questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| The International Phonetic Alphabet | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |