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List of figures | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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Introduction | |
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An external history of English | |
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Origins of English | |
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The Romans in Britain | |
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The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons | |
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English: what's in a name? | |
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Christianity reaches England | |
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Viking raids | |
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The history of English or the history of Englishes? | |
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Old English dialects | |
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The rise of West Saxon | |
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Dialect boundaries | |
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Language contact in the Middle Ages | |
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1066 and all that | |
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From Old English to Middle English | |
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The decline of French and the rise of English | |
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Middle English dialects | |
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From Middle English to Early Modern English | |
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External influences on pronunciation | |
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The translation of the Bible into English | |
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The process of standardisation | |
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Dialects and emerging standards | |
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Caxton and the impact of the printing press | |
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Dictionaries and grammars | |
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The boundaries of Early Modern English | |
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Colonialism, Imperialism and the spread of English | |
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English in the New World | |
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The expansion of the British Empire | |
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Moves towards Present Day English | |
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The Industrial Revolution | |
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The Oxford English Dictionary | |
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A spoken standard | |
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The linguistic consequences of war | |
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Technology and communication | |
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Global English and beyond | |
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English: a global language | |
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Globalisation and changes in English | |
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Assessing the linguistic impact of historical events | |
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Development | |
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A developing language | |
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Understanding Old English | |
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Spelling and sound in Old English | |
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The vocabulary of Old English | |
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Old English: a synthetic language | |
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Case, gender and number | |
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Old English verbs | |
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Varieties of Old English | |
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Old English and Scots | |
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Old English dialectal differences | |
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The emergence of Middle English | |
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The context of change | |
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Spelling and sound in Middle English | |
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Changes in the system of inflections | |
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Middle English vocabulary | |
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Sound shifts | |
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Speech sounds | |
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Changes in the long vowels | |
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The Uniformitarian Principle in relation to the Great Vowel Shift | |
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Consequences of the Great Vowel Shift | |
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Writing in Early Modern English | |
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Orthography in Early Modern English | |
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Some grammatical characteristics | |
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Expanding the lexicon | |
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The development of American English | |
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Causes of linguistic development in the American colonies | |
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A developing standard | |
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'Archaisms' in American English | |
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The beginnings of African American English | |
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International English | |
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Australian English | |
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Indian English | |
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Pidgins and creoles on the West African coast | |
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The globalisation of English | |
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Attitudes towards global English | |
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World Standard English | |
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Fragmentation or fusion? | |
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Exploration | |
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Exploring the history of English | |
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The roots of English | |
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Language family trees | |
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Pronouncing Old English | |
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Case | |
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Regions and dialects | |
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Dialectal differences in an Old English text | |
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Place names | |
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From Old English to Middle English | |
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Loanwords | |
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The Canterbury Tales | |
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A Middle English Pater noster | |
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Codification and attitudes towards English | |
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A Table Alphabeticall | |
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English Orthographie | |
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Problems with prescriptivism | |
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Further elements of grammar in Early Modern English | |
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More on pronouns | |
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Gradable adjectives | |
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What did do do? | |
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English in the New World | |
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Loanwords in American English | |
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The politics of spelling | |
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Early African American English | |
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Present Day Englishes | |
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Unknown words from Australian English? | |
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Enlarging the lexicon | |
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Tok Pisin | |
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The future of English | |
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The cost of global English | |
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Scare stories: declining standards | |
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Future developments in English | |
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Extension | |
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Readings in the history of English | |
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Vocabulary in Old English | |
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Other differences between Old English and Modern English (Bruce Mitchell) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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Old English dialects | |
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The study of Old English dialects (Joseph P. Crowley) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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The influence of French | |
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Who spoke French in England? (Douglas Kibbee) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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Changes in pronunciation | |
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The Great Vowel Shift (Dick Leith) | |
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The Mad Hatter's tea-party (Jean Aitchison) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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'Fixing' the language | |
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The appeal to authority, 1650-1800 (Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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The development of American English | |
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The beginnings of American (H. L. Mencken) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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A corpus approach to linguistic development | |
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Recent grammatical change in written English, 1961-1992: some preliminary findings of a comparison of American with British English (Geoffrey Leech and Nick Smith) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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The future of English? | |
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English as a transitional phenomenon (David Graddol) | |
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Issues to consider | |
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Glossary of linguistic terms | |
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Further reading | |
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General histories of English | |
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Old English | |
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Middle English | |
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Early Modern English | |
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Eighteenth-century English to the present day | |
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World Englishes | |
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References | |
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Index | |