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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The problem of the earliest form of Buddhism | |
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| The study of Buddhist origins | |
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| Texts and conventions | |
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| A note on terminology | |
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| Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta | |
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| Textual sources and the historical problem | |
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| Arguments for the historical authenticity of the biographical account in the Mahisasaka Vinaya | |
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| Further texts on the two teachers | |
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| Uddaka Ramaputta and Rama | |
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| Other peculiarities in the Ariyapariyesana Sutta | |
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| The APS as a description of the Buddha's awakening | |
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| The terms 'nothingness' and 'neither perception nor non-perception' as epithets of liberation | |
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| Conclusion to Chapter 2 | |
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| Formless meditation and early Brahminism | |
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| Verses on meditation in the Mahabharata and early Buddhist literature | |
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| The elements and formless spheres | |
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| The kasinayatana-s | |
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| Element meditation and early Brahminism | |
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| Element meditation in the Moksadharma | |
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| Cosmology and meditation in early Brahminism | |
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| The goals of the two teachers: early Upanisadic parallels | |
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| The aphorism passan na passati | |
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| Conclusion to Chapter 3 | |
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| The philosophy of early Brahminic yoga | |
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| Cosmogony in the Vasistha-Karalajanakasamvadah (Mbh XII.291) | |
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| Cosmogony in the Nasadiyasukta | |
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| Cosmogony in the Sukanuprasnah (Mbh XII.224) | |
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| Conclusion to Chapter 4 | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 4: the early yogic doctrine of karman | |
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| Meditation in the Parayanavagga | |
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| The antiquity of the Parayanavagga | |
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| The Upasivamanavapuccha (Sn 1069-76) | |
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| Sn 1071-72: vimutto/'dhimutto | |
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| Sn 1071-72: ananuyayi | |
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| Sn 1073-74: sitisiya | |
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| Sn 1073-76: the metaphors 'becoming cool' (siti + [square root]bhu) and 'going out' (attham + [square root]gam) | |
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| The indefinability of the sage | |
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| The historical significance of the Upasivamanavapuccha | |
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| The Udayamanavapuccha (Sn 1105-11) | |
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| The Posalamanavapuccha (Sn 1112-15) | |
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| Conclusion to Chapter 5 | |
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| Conclusion: the origin of Buddhist meditation and early Buddhism | |
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| The relationship between early Buddhism and Brahminism | |
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| An early Buddhist controversy: meditation or intellectualism? | |
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| The intellectual tendency in early Buddhism | |
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| The four jhana-s and their development | |
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| The identification of authentic teachings of the Buddha | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |