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| Acknowledgments and recommendation for further reading | |
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| Preface to the second edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introductory information | |
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| A social history of Buddhism? | |
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| The limitations of Marxist and Weberian views of religion | |
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| Unintended consequences | |
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| The Sangha | |
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| What inquiries will the evidence support? | |
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| Theravadin history: the uneven pace of change | |
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| Buddhist identity | |
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| Gotama Buddha's problem situation | |
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| Vedic civilization | |
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| The Vedic tradition | |
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| The early Vedic period | |
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| Later Vedic society | |
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| Religion in the later Vedic period | |
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| Karma and escape from re-birth | |
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| The social conditions of his day | |
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| To whom did the Buddha's message appeal? | |
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| The Buddha's Dhamma | |
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| The Dhamma in its context: answers to brahminism | |
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| Buddhism as religious individualism | |
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| An ethic for the socially mobile | |
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| The Buddha on kings and politics | |
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| The Sangha's discipline | |
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| General principles of the vinaya | |
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| Dating and development of the rules | |
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| The middle way between discomfort and indulgence | |
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| The disbarring offences and enforcement of chastity | |
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| Hierarchies of age and sex | |
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| The formal organization of the Sangha | |
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| Sect formation: Theravada defined | |
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| Maintaining conformity | |
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| Relations between ordained and laity | |
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| The accommodation between Buddhism and society in ancient India | |
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| Buddhist devotion | |
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| The Buddha as an object of faith and devotion | |
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| Pilgrimage | |
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| Relics | |
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| Mortuary rituals and 'transfer of merit' | |
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| Secular power: Asoka | |
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| Asoka's inscriptions | |
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| Asoka in Buddhist tradition | |
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| The missions: interpreting the evidence | |
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| The Buddhist tradition in Sri Lanka | |
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| The Sinhalese Buddhist identity | |
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| Periodization of Sinhalese Buddhist history | |
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| Sources | |
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| Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism | |
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| Cosmology | |
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| A Buddhist society | |
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| Worship of Buddha images | |
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| Role of the village monk | |
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| The achievements of Mahinda's mission | |
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| Establishing Buddhism in a new country | |
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| The Sangha's duty to preserve the scriptures | |
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| The use of Pali: Buddhaghosa | |
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| Translation and popularization | |
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| Village dweller and forest dweller | |
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| The structure of the Sangha in Ceylon | |
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| Formal state control of the Sangha | |
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| Sangha and state in Anuradhapura | |
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| The Sangha as landlords | |
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| Decline... | |
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| ...and revival | |
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| The character of Sinhalese Buddhist religiosity | |
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| Protestant Buddhism | |
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| The disestablishment of the Sangha | |
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| The British missions | |
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| Early Buddhist reactions | |
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| The rise of the Buddhist laity | |
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| The impact of the Theosophists | |
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| Anagarika Dharmapala | |
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| Lay religious activism | |
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| Other characteristics of Protestant Buddhism | |
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| Limited scope of Protestant Buddhism | |
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| Current trends, new problems | |
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| Religious pluralism | |
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| The new ethos | |
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| Unintended consequences of lay religious activism | |
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| Recent economic and social developments | |
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| The cultural effect of the war | |
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| Hinduizing trends | |
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| The decline of rationality | |
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| The crisis of authority | |
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| Altered states of consciousness | |
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| Using Buddhism for this world | |
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| Developments in the Sangha | |
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| The challenge | |
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| Works cited | |
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| Abbreviations and primary sources | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |