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| Why Microwaves? | |
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| Overview of Microwave Systems | |
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| Information from Passive Microwave Imagers | |
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| Information from Passive Microwave Sounders | |
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| Information from Active Microwave Instruments | |
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| How Can This Information be Used? | |
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| A Brief History of Microwaves | |
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| In the beginning... | |
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| Out of the Darkness: Maxwell and Hertz | |
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| Radios, Death Rays and Radar | |
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| The Venus Ruler and Little Green Men | |
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| Imaging Radar | |
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| Microwave Remote Sensing from Space | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Physical Fundamentals | |
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| Physical Properties of EM Waves | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation as Waves | |
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| Complex Wave Description | |
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| Energy and Power of Waves | |
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| Polarisation | |
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| Combination of Waves | |
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| Coherence | |
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| The Most Important Section in This Book | |
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| Phase as a (Relative) Distance Measure | |
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| Combining Two Waves in 2-D | |
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| Quantifying the Interference Pattern | |
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| Passive Case | |
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| Multiple Source Interference Pattern | |
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| Beamwidth and Angular Resolution | |
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| Huygens' Wavelets | |
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| More on Coherence | |
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| Propagation of Microwaves | |
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| Through Lossy Media | |
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| Moving Sources | |
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| Where Do Microwaves Come From? | |
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| How Are They Produced in Nature? | |
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| Radiation Laws | |
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| How Are Microwaves Produced Artificially? | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Polarimetry | |
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| Describing Polarised Waves | |
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| Summary of Linear Basis | |
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| Superposition of Polarised Waves | |
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| Representing Polarisation | |
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| Poincare sphere | |
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| Mathematical Description | |
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| Stokes Vector | |
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| Brightness Stokes Vector | |
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| Partially Polarised Waves | |
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| The Stokes Scattering Matrix | |
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| The Scattering Matrix | |
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| Target Vector | |
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| Covariance Matrix | |
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| Passive Polarimetry | |
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| Polarimetry in Radar | |
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| Radar Polarimeters | |
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| Polarimetric Synthesis and Response Curves | |
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| Important Polarimetric Properties | |
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| Unpolarised Power | |
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| Degree of Polarisation and Coefficient of Variation | |
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| Polarimetric Ratios | |
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| Coherent Parameters | |
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| Polarimetric Decomposition | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Microwaves in the Real World | |
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| Continuous Media and the Atmosphere | |
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| Radiative Transfer Theory | |
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| Microwave Brightness Temperature | |
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| Spectral Lines | |
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| Line Broadening | |
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| Faraday Rotation | |
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| Interaction With Discrete Objects | |
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| Diffraction | |
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| Importance of Diffraction | |
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| Scattering | |
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| Radar Cross-section | |
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| Importance of Scattering Theory | |
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| Scattering and Emission from Volumes | |
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| Transmission Through Volumes | |
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| Emission | |
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| Scattering | |
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| Reflection and Emission from Smooth Surfaces | |
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| Scattering from Smooth Boundaries | |
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| Emission from Smooth Boundaries | |
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| Summary | |
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| Scattering and Emission from Rough Surfaces | |
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| Definition of "Rough" | |
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| Effects of Roughness | |
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| Summary | |
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| Non-Random (Periodic) Surfaces | |
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| Scattering and Emission from Natural Surfaces | |
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| Oceans and Lakes | |
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| Hydrometeors | |
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| Ice and Snow | |
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| Freshwater Ice | |
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| Glacial Ice | |
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| Sea Ice | |
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| Bare Rock and Deserts | |
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| Soils | |
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| Vegetation | |
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| Special Scatterers | |
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| Corner Reflectors | |
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| Moving Targets | |
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| Mixed Targets | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Detecting Microwaves | |
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| General Approach | |
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| Conceptual Approach to Microwave Systems | |
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| A Word of Warning | |
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| Basic Microwave Radiometer | |
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| The Antenna | |
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| Parabolic Antennas | |
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| The Dipole Antenna | |
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| Array Antennas | |
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| Antenna Properties | |
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| The Receiver | |
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| Detector | |
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| Coherent Systems | |
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| Active Systems | |
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| System Performance | |
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| Noise and Sensitivity | |
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| Sensitivity Considerations for Receivers | |
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| Other Sources of Uncertainty | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Antenna Calibration | |
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| Verification and Validation | |
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| Types of Calibration | |
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| Strategies for Calibrating Receivers | |
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| Final Remarks on Calibration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Atmospheric Sounding | |
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| Atmospheric Sounding | |
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| The Need for Measurements | |
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| The Earth's Atmosphere | |
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| Water Vapour and Oxygen | |
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| Clouds and Precipitation | |
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| Ozone | |
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| Chlorine Monoxide | |
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| Other Relevant Measurements | |
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| Principles of Measurement | |
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| Theoretical Basis of Sounding | |
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| The Forward Model | |
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| Simple Formulation of the Forward Model | |
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| The Inverse Model | |
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| Solving the Inverse Problem | |
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| The Influence Functions | |
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| Viewing Geometries | |
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| Nadir Sounding | |
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| Limb Sounding | |
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| Passive Rainfall Mapping | |
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| The Need for Measurements | |
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| Principles of Measurement | |
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| Emission Method | |
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| Scattering Method | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Passive Imaging | |
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| Principles of Measurement | |
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| Background | |
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| Practical Radiometers | |
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| Viewing Geometries | |
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| The Generic Forward Model | |
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| Oceans | |
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| The Need for Measurements | |
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| Principles of Measurement: SST | |
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| Principles of Measurement: Ocean Salinity | |
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| Principles of Measurement: Ocean Winds | |
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| Sea Ice | |
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| The Need for Measurements | |
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| Sea Ice Concentration | |
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| Land | |
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| The Need for Measurements | |
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| The Forward Problem Over Land | |
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| Empirical Approaches to Snow Depth | |
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| A Final Comment on Passive Polarimetry | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Active Microwaves | |
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| Principles of Measurement | |
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| What is RADAR? | |
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| Basic Radar Operation | |
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| The Generic Equations of Radar Performance | |
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| The Radar Equation | |
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| Range resolution | |
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| Radar Altimeters | |
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| The Need for Altimeter Measurements | |
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| Altimeter Geometry | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Echo Shape Analysis | |
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| Range Ambiguity | |
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| Accuracy of Height Retrievals | |
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| Scanning Altimeters | |
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| Calibration and Validation | |
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| Improving Directionality | |
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| Sub-Beamwidth Resolution | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Altimeters | |
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| Scatterometers | |
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| The Need for Scatterometer Measurements | |
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| General Operation | |
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| Rain Radar | |
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| Windscatterometers | |
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| Polarimetric Scatterometers | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Imaging Radar | |
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| The Need for Imaging Radar | |
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| Oceans | |
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| Sea Ice | |
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| Terrestrial Surfaces | |
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| The Water Cloud Model for Vegetation | |
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| Other Uses of Radar Imagery | |
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| What is an Image? | |
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| Radar Image Construction | |
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| Side-Looking Airborne Radar | |
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| Ground Range resolution | |
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| Azimuth Resolution | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) | |
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| Aperture Synthesis: A Doppler Interpretation | |
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| Aperture Synthesis: A Geometric Explanation | |
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| Geometry vs Doppler | |
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| SAR Focussing | |
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| Radar equation for SAR | |
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| Geometric Distortions in Radar Images | |
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| Lay-over and Foreshortening | |
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| Radar Shadow | |
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| Motion Errors | |
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| Moving Targets | |
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| Operational Limits | |
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| Ambiguities | |
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| Coverage vs PRF | |
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| Other SAR Modes | |
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| ScanSAR Operation | |
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| Spotlight Mode | |
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| Working With SAR Images | |
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| Speckle | |
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| Speckle Statistics | |
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| Speckle Filtering | |
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| Geometric Correction | |
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| Limitations of Geometric Correction | |
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| SAR Data Formats | |
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| Extracting Topography from SAR Images | |
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| Stereo SAR Radargrammetry | |
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| SAR Clinometry | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Interferometry | |
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| The Need for Interferometric Measurements | |
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| Principles of Interferometry | |
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| Phase Measurements | |
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| Application of Dual Systems | |
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| Interferometry for Resolving Direction | |
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| Passive Imaging Interferometry | |
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| Radar Interferometry | |
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| Interferometric Altimetry | |
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| Interferometric SAR | |
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| InSAR Viewing Geometries | |
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| Interferometric Coherence Magnitude | |
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| Decorrelation | |
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| Summary of Decorrelation | |
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| Practical DEM Generation | |
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| InSAR Processing Chain | |
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| Vegetation Height Estimation | |
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| Single Frequency | |
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| Dual-Frequency | |
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| Polarimetric Interferometry and Multibaseline Interferometry | |
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| SAR Tomography | |
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| Differential SAR Interferometry | |
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| Considerations and Limitations | |
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| Atmospheric Water Vapour | |
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| Permanent Scatterer Interferometry | |
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| Along-Track Interferometry | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Summary of Useful Mathematics | |
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| Angles | |
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| Degrees | |
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| Radians | |
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| Steradian (solid angle) | |
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| Some Useful Trigonometric Relations | |
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| Logs and Exponentials | |
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| Some Fundamental Properties | |
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| Special values | |
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| Series Expansions | |
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| Complex Numbers | |
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| Vectors | |
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| Law of Vector Algebra | |
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| Cross or Vector Product | |
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| Matrices | |
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| Matrix Algebra | |
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| Bibliography | |