Preface | p. vii |
Home, Home on the Range: Where Health Care is Provided and Crimes are Committed | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
The Nature of Home Health Care | p. 5 |
The History of Home Health Care | p. 6 |
Early Home Health Care | p. 7 |
Factors Influencing Home Health Care Expansion | p. 10 |
The Structure of Home Health Care | p. 15 |
Types of Home Health Care Agencies | p. 15 |
Occupations in the Home Health Care Field | p. 18 |
Occupational Drawbacks | p. 22 |
Crime in the Home Health Care Field | p. 25 |
Conceptualizing Crime in the Home Health Care Industry | p. 29 |
Types of Crime in the Home Health Care Industry | p. 31 |
Summary and Presentation Plan | p. 33 |
Home Health Care Professionals as Victims and Witnesses | p. 36 |
Introduction | p. 36 |
Types of Abuse Against Home Health Care Professionals | p. 37 |
Non-Fatal Assaults | p. 41 |
Verbal Abuse | p. 43 |
Sexual Abuse | p. 44 |
Intimidation | p. 44 |
Inconsiderate Practices by Clients | p. 45 |
Transportation Accidents | p. 46 |
Homicides | p. 47 |
Risk Factors | p. 48 |
Patient-Based Risk Factors | p. 49 |
Occupation-Based Risk Factors | p. 50 |
Contact with the Public | p. 50 |
Exchange of Money | p. 50 |
Having a Mobile Workplace | p. 51 |
Working Alone or in Small Numbers | p. 51 |
Working Late at Night, During Early Morning Hours, or in High Crime Areas | p. 52 |
Preventing and Responding to Victimization | p. 52 |
Management Commitment | p. 53 |
Employee Involvement | p. 55 |
Hazard Analysis, Hazard Prevention, and Control | p. 57 |
Training and Education | p. 57 |
Recognizing Potentially Volatile Situations | p. 58 |
Avoiding Volatile Situations | p. 59 |
Diffusing Volatile Situations | p. 61 |
Responding to Violence after the Fact | p. 61 |
Home Health Care Workers as Witnesses and Reporters | p. 62 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 67 |
Crimes by Home Health Professionals: Violence, Theft, and Deception | p. 70 |
Introduction | p. 70 |
Homicide | p. 73 |
Physical Abuse | p. 75 |
Sexual Abuse | p. 76 |
Neglect | p. 79 |
Drug-Related Offenses | p. 80 |
Emotional Abuse | p. 81 |
Rights Violations | p. 83 |
Theft from Clients | p. 83 |
Theft from Medicare/Medicaid | p. 86 |
The Structure of Medicare and Medicaid | p. 87 |
Factors Contributing to Concerns about Fraud | p. 88 |
Fraud versus Abuse Conceptualizations | p. 91 |
Legal Definitions of Fraud | p. 92 |
Types of Fraud in the Home Health Industry | p. 93 |
The Provision of Unnecessary Services | p. 94 |
Billing for Services Not Provided | p. 96 |
Overcharging | p. 98 |
Forgery | p. 98 |
Negative Charting | p. 99 |
Substitute Providers | p. 100 |
Double Billing | p. 100 |
Kickbacks | p. 101 |
Patterns Surrounding Fraud | p. 102 |
Source of Crime in Home Health Care Field-Caregiver or Customer? | p. 102 |
Types of Providers More Prone to Crime in the Home Health Care Field | p. 102 |
Offenses Usually Occur Over Time | p. 103 |
The Group Context | p. 103 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 104 |
Responding to Crime in the Home Health Care Field: Strategies, Obstacles, and Issues | p. 105 |
Introduction | p. 105 |
Detecting Home Health Care Offenses | p. 109 |
Referrals from Care Recipients/Family Members | p. 110 |
Referrals from Caregivers | p. 111 |
Referrals from Competitors | p. 112 |
Referrals from Anonymous Tips | p. 112 |
Referrals from Employers | p. 113 |
Referrals from Current and Former Employees | p. 119 |
Referrals from Local and State Agencies | p. 120 |
Audits as Detection Strategies | p. 121 |
Investigating Home Health Care Misconduct | p. 122 |
Prosecuting Home Health Care Misconduct | p. 124 |
Criminal Prosecutions of Home Health Care Offenses | p. 124 |
Civil Prosecutions of Home Health Care Offenses | p. 125 |
Civil Prosecutions by Justice Officials | p. 126 |
False Claims Act Prosecutions | p. 127 |
Qui Tam Lawsuits | p. 128 |
Punishing Home Health Care Misconduct | p. 131 |
Fines as Punishment of Home Health Care Offenders | p. 132 |
Probation and Home Health Care Offenders | p. 132 |
Incarcerating Home Health Care Offenders | p. 133 |
License Revocation and Program Exclusion | p. 135 |
Problems Responding to Home Health Care | |
Misconduct | p. 135 |
Proof Problems | p. 136 |
Witness Problems | p. 138 |
Memory Problems | p. 138 |
Cognitive Problems | p. 138 |
Relational Obstacles | p. 139 |
Conspiracy Problems | p. 140 |
The Hidden Nature of Home Health Care Misconduct | p. 141 |
Record Chasing | p. 142 |
Complexity | p. 143 |
Statutory Problems | p. 144 |
Minor Losses | p. 144 |
The Problem of Offender Sympathy | p. 145 |
The Time Problem | p. 145 |
Ageism | p. 146 |
Funding | p. 147 |
Cooperation and Home Health Care Investigations | p. 148 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 149 |
Preventing Home Health Care Misconduct | p. 151 |
Institutional Causes | p. 151 |
Organizational Causes | p. 152 |
Societal Causes | p. 153 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 156 |
References | p. 157 |
Name Index | p. 167 |
Subject Index | p. 172 |
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |