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| Testing our Ideas | |
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| What Do We Think and Why Do We Think It? | |
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| Research: Good, Bad, and Bogus | |
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| Why Study Research Methods? | |
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| Basic and Applied Research | |
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| The Research Adventure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: A Look Ahead | |
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| Theory and Data in Psychology | |
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| Theory | |
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| On Knowing When We're Wrong: Testing Our Theories | |
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| Three Case Studies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Statistical Significance | |
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| Data | |
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| Systematic Data | |
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| The Anatomy of Data: Variables and Values | |
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| Objective Data | |
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| The Problem of Subjective Data | |
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| The Reliability and Validity of Measures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Frequency Distributions | |
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| Observation and Description | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Surveys: Interviews and Questionnaires | |
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| Participant Observation | |
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| Direct Observation of Behavior | |
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| Testing Hypotheses with Observations | |
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| The Value of Observational Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Observation and Description II: Some Technical Problems | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Observer Effects | |
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| Observer Bias | |
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| Correlation and Causality | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Scatterplots and Correlations | |
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| Experiments with One Independent Variable | |
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| What is an Experiment? | |
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| Some Examples | |
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| The Anatomy of an Experiment | |
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| Experimental Design | |
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| Limitations of Experiments | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Analysis of Variance and the t Statistic | |
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| Experimental Control I: Obscuring Factors | |
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| Two Kinds of Control Problems | |
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| How to Get Null Results: Obscuring Factors | |
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| How Much to Control? | |
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| Sacrificing Control: The Field Experiment | |
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| Significance Tests and Experimental Control | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: More about Significance Testing | |
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| Experimental Cotrol II: Confounded Variables | |
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| A Case Study: Intervention Research and its Problems | |
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| Individual Differences as Confounded Variables | |
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| Procedural Confounds: A Success Story and More Cautionary Tales | |
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| How to Combat Confounds | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Statistical Control | |
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| Experiments with More Than One Independent Variable | |
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| A Look Ahead: The Concept of Interaction | |
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| Factorial Designs | |
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| Mixed Within- and Between-Subjects Designs | |
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| Mixed Experimental and Subject-Variable Designs | |
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| Higher-Order Designs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Factorial Analysis of Variance and More about Interactions | |
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| Single-Subject and "Small-N" Experiments | |
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| Characteristics of Small-N Experiments | |
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| Psychophysics | |
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| Conditioning | |
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| Animal Cognition: Concepts in Pigeons | |
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| An Example from Neuropsychology: The "Split-Brain" Experiments | |
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| Memory I: Ebbinghaus's Research | |
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| Memory II: Bartlett's Investigations | |
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| Small-N Designs in Clinical Research | |
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| Continuities with Large-N Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Signal-Detection Theory | |
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| Quasi-Experiments | |
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| What is a Quasi-Experiment? | |
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| Selection of Subjects: Nonequivalent Groups Designs | |
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| Time-Series Designs | |
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| Mixed Designs | |
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| Limitations of Quasi-Experiments: Some Cautionary Tales | |
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| The Uses of Quasi-Experiments | |
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| Combining Methods: A Case Study | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: The Chi-Square Test | |
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| The Reliability and Generality of Findings | |
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| Statistical Significance and Reliability | |
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| Experimental Reliability: Replication | |
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| Findings Versus Theory: The External-Validity Controversy | |
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| What is Research "About"? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: Meta-Analysis | |
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| Ethical Considerations in Research | |
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| The Apa Guidelines | |
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| The Right to Safety | |
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| The Right to Respectiful Treatment | |
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| Oversight Committees--the Irb | |
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| Ethics in Animal Research | |
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| Summary | |
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| Research Psychology, Pop Psychology, and Intuitive Psychology | |
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| Psychology's Image Problem | |
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| The Intuitive Psychologist | |
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| Defending Our Beliefs: Cognitive Conservatism | |
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| Overconfidence | |
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| The Scientist's Advantages | |
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| Summary | |
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| Making Friends with Statistics: When is a Problem a Statistical Problem? | |
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| Random Numbers and How to Use Them | |
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| Binomial Probabilities | |
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| Critical Values of F | |
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| Critical Values of t | |
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| Critical Values of x[superscript 2] | |
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| How to Report Research | |
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| References | |
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| Credits | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |