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| Preface | |
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| The Sectional Conflict | |
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| The North and South Contrasted | |
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| Aleksandr Borisovich Lakier, The Rush of Life in New York City (1857) | |
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| Anonymous, The Manufacturing City of Lowell (1847) | |
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| William Lloyd Garrison, I Will Be Heard (1831) | |
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| Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Convention (1833) | |
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| Frederick Law Olmsted, The South's Lack of a Spirit of Progress (1861) | |
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| Louis T. Wigfall, We Are an Agricultural People (1861) | |
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| Hinton Rowan Helper, Slavery Impedes the Progress and Prosperity of the South (1857) | |
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| J. D. B. De Bow, Why Non-Slaveholders Should Support Slavery (1861) | |
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| Anonymous, A Traveler Describes the Lives of Non-Slaveholders in Georgia (1849) | |
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| William Harper, Slavery Is the Cause of Civilization (1838) | |
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| Solomon Northup, The New Orleans Slave Mart (1853) | |
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| Frederick Douglass Fights a Slave-Breaker (1845) | |
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| The House Dividing | |
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| David Wilmot, I Plead the Cause of White Freemen (1847) | |
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| Howell Cobb, The South Is at Your Mercy (1847) | |
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| John C. Calhoun, The Cords of Union Are Snapping One by One (1850) | |
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| Daniel Webster, I Speak Today for the Preservation of the Union (1850) | |
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| Appeal of the Independent Democrats (1854) | |
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| New York Times, The Causes of the Know-Nothing Movement (1854) | |
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| Mobile Register, The South Asks Only for Equal Rights in the Territories (1856) | |
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| New York Evening Post, Are We Too Slaves? (1856) | |
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| Richmond Enquirer, They Must Be Lashed into Submission (1856) | |
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| Chief Justice Roger B. Taney Rules against Dred Scott (1857) | |
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| Associate Justice Benjamin R. Curtis Dissents in the Dred Scott Case (1857) | |
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| James Henry Hammond, Cotton Is King (1858) | |
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| The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) | |
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| The Freeport Doctrine (1858) | |
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| John Brown Addresses the Court (1859) | |
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| Richmond Enquirer, The Harpers Ferry Invasion Has Advanced the Cause of Disunion (1859) | |
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| Charles Eliot Norton, I Have Seen Nothing Like the Intensity of Feeling (1859) | |
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| The Road to War | |
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| Robert Toombs, The South Must Strike while There Is Yet Time (1860) | |
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| Alexander H. Stephens, Lincoln's Election Does Not Justify Secession (1860) | |
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| South Carolina Justifies Secession (1860) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, I Hold That the Union Is Perpetual (1861) | |
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| George Templeton Strong, The Outbreak of War Galvanizes New York City (1861) | |
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| William Howard Russell, The Popular Mood in Charleston at the Start of the Civil War (1861) | |
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| The Civil War | |
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| The War Begins | |
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| Alexander H. Stephens, Slavery Is the Cornerstone of the Confederacy (1861) | |
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| Jefferson Davis, Our Cause Is Just (1861) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, This Is a People's Contest (1861) | |
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| The Resources of the Union and the Confederacy (1861) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Calls for Troops (1861) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Institutes a Blockade of the Confederacy (1861) | |
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| Kentucky Declares Its Neutrality (1861) | |
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| John B. Gordon, The Raccoon Roughs Go to War (1903) | |
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| The London Times Foresees a Confederate Victory in the War (1861) | |
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| The Military Struggle, 1861-1862 | |
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| Winfield Scott, The Anaconda Plan (1861) | |
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| Lyman Trumbull, The Most Shameful Rout You Can Conceive Of (1861) | |
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| George McClellan, I Have Become the Power in the Land (1861) | |
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| George McClellan, The President Is Nothing More Than a Well Meaning Baboon (1861) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Explains His Ideas on Military Strategy (1862) | |
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| Cyrus F. Boyd, An Iowa Soldier "Sees the Elephant" at Shiloh (1862) | |
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| Ulysses S. Grant, I Gave Up All Idea of Saving the Union Except by Complete Conquest (1885) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, But You Must Act (1862) | |
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| George McClellan, You Have Done Your Best to Sacrifice This Army (1862) | |
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| George McClellan, The War Should Be Conducted upon the Highest Principles of Christian Civilization (1862) | |
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| John Pope Adopts Harsher Policies against Southern Civilians (1862) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Authorizes the Army to Seize Private Property in the Confederacy (1862) | |
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| Robert E. Lee Proposes to Invade the North (1862) | |
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| General Edward Alexander Criticizes Lee at Antietam (1899) | |
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| Rufus R. Dawes, The Most Dreadful Slaughter (1890) | |
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| Harper's Weekly, Northern Despair after the Battle of Fredericksburg (1862) | |
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| The Naval War | |
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| G. J. Van Burnt, The Monitor Challenges the Merrimack (1862) | |
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| Horatio Wait, The United States Navy Blockades the Confederacy (1898) | |
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| Thomas Taylor, Aboard a Blockade-Runner (1896) | |
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| Union Politics, 1861-1862 | |
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| Benjamin F. Butler Encounters the Contrabands (1892) | |
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| The Crittenden Resolution Defines Union War Aims (1861) | |
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| Frederick Douglass, Cast Off the Mill-Stone (1861) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, To Lose Kentucky Is to Lose the Whole Game (1861) | |
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| Samuel S. Cox, A Democratic Congressman Attacks Emancipation (1862) | |
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| John Sherman, Support for Emancipation Is Increasing (1862) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, I Would Save the Union (1862) | |
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| Harper's Weekly Gauges the Northern Response to Emancipation (1862) | |
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| New York Times, The 1862 Elections Are a Repudiation of the Administration's Conduct of the War (1862) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Replies to a Republican Critic after the 1862 Elections (1862) | |
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| Confederate Politics, 1861-1863 | |
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| Governor Joseph Brown Obstructs Conscription in Georgia (1862) | |
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| The Twenty Negro Law (1862) | |
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| A Georgia Soldier Condemns the Exemption of Slaveholders (1862) | |
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| An Atlanta Paper Defends the Exemption of Slaveholders (1862) | |
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| Jefferson Davis Defends His Policies (1862) | |
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| Richmond Examiner, A Richmond Paper Calls for a Tax-in-Kind (1863) | |
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| Edward Pollard, A Richmond Editor Denounces Davis's Leadership (1869) | |
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| Diplomacy | |
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| Anonymous, Southerners' Faith in King Cotton Diplomacy (1861) | |
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| Charles Francis Adams, The Trent Affair Has Almost Wrecked Us (1862) | |
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| Jefferson Davis Complains of Europe's Refusal to Recognize the Confederacy (1863) | |
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| Charles Francis Adams, This Is War (1863) | |
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| The Military Struggle, 1863 | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Counsels General Joseph Hooker (1863) | |
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| Henry Halleck, The Character of the War Has Very Much Changed (1863) | |
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| Robert E. Lee Proposes to Take the Offensive (1863) | |
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| Rachel Cormany, A Pennsylvania Woman Encounters Lee's Army (1863) | |
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| John Dooley, A Virginia Soldier Survives Pickett's Charge (1863) | |
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| Benjamin Hirst, A Connecticut Soldier Helps Repel Pickett's Charge (1863) | |
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| Anonymous, Daily Life during the Siege of Vicksburg (1863) | |
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| Alexander S. Abrams, The Conduct of the Negroes Was beyond All Expression (1863) | |
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| Josiah Gorgas, The Confederacy Totters to Its Destruction (1863) | |
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| Union Politics, 1863 | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) | |
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| Northern Newspapers Debate the Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) | |
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| Harper's Weekly, The Work Done by Congress (1863) | |
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| Clement Vallandigham, One of the Worst Despotisms on Earth (1863) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, I Think I Shall Be Blamed for Having Made Too Few Arrests (1863) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, The Heaviest Blow Yet Dealt to the Rebellion (1863) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, A New Birth of Freedom (1863) | |
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| The Union Home Front | |
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| Conscription in the Union (1866) | |
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| The New York Press Debates the Causes of the Draft Riots (1863) | |
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| George Templeton Strong, Jefferson Davis Rules New York Today (1863) | |
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| J. W. C. Pennington, This Country Also Belongs to Us (1863) | |
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| Anonymous, A Rioter Condemns the $300 Commutation Fee (1863) | |
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| The New York Evening Post Defends the $300 Commutation Fee (1863) | |
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| Cornelia Hancock, A Union Nurse at Gettysburg (1863) | |
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| Harper's Monthly, The Fortunes of War (1864) | |
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| Fincher's Trade Review, Working Women Protest Their Low Wages (1865) | |
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| Harper's Monthly, Wall Street in Wartime (1865) | |
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| The Confederate Home Front | |
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| Montgomery Advertiser, Slavery Is a Tower of Strength to the South (1861) | |
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| Samuel L. Holt, Slave Owners Ought to Bear the Principal Burden of the War (1863) | |
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| "Agnes," A Resident Observes the Richmond Bread Riot (1863) | |
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| John B. Jones, This Is War, Terrible War (1862-1864) | |
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| Phoebe Yates Pember Becomes a Hospital Matron (1879) | |
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| Sally Putnam, Southern Women Enter the Government Bureaucracy (1867) | |
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| Gideon J. Pillow, A Confederate General Reports on Widespread Resistance to Conscription (1863) | |
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| Daniel O'Leary, The War Corrodes Female Virtue (1863) | |
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| Theodore Lyman, A Union Officer Marvels at the Endurance of the Southern People (1864) | |
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| Ella Gertrude Thomas, Until Adversity Tries Us (1861-1865) | |
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| Mary Chesnut, Is Anything Worth It? (1862-1865) | |
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| Mary Cooper, Dear Edward (1906) | |
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| Judith McGuire, The Revulsion Was Sickening (1865) | |
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| African Americans | |
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| John Boston, An Escaped Slave Writes His Wife from a Union Camp (1862) | |
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| Frederick Douglass Urges Black Men to Enlist (1863) | |
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| Hannah Johnson, A Mother Calls on the Government to Protect Black Soldiers (1863) | |
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| Lorenzo Thomas, A Union General Describes Slaves Entering the Union Lines (1863) | |
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| Susanna Clay, The Negroes Are Worse Than Free (1863) | |
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| Isaiah H. Welch, A Black Soldier Explains His Motives for Fighting (1863) | |
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| New York Times, A Prodigious Revolution (1864) | |
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| Anonymous, A Black Soldier Protests Unequal Pay (1864) | |
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| Spotswood Rice, A Black Soldier Writes His Daughter's Owner (1864) | |
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| Rachel Ann Wicker, The Hardship of Black Soldier's Families (1864) | |
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| Mittie Freeman Meets a Yankee (1937) | |
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| Former Slaves Recall the End of Slavery (1937) | |
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| Eliza Evans, The Slave Eliza Acquires a New Name (1937) | |
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| Common Soldiers | |
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| Randolph Shotwell, The Comforts of a Soldier's Life (1929) | |
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| Wilbur Fisk, Hard Marching (1863) | |
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| Samuel E. Burges, A South Carolina Soldier Confronts His Captain (1862) | |
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| Tally Simpson, Trading with the Enemy (1863) | |
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| Chauncey H. Cooke, Fraternization among Soldiers of the Two Armies (1864) | |
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| T. J. Stokes, Religious Revivals in the Confederate Army (1864) | |
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| John A. Potter, Antiblack Prejudice in the Union Ranks (1897) | |
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| Chauncey Welton, A Union Soldier's Changing Views on Emancipation (1863-1865) | |
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| Reuben A. Pierson, A Louisiana Soldier Links Slavery and Race to the Cause of the Confederacy (1862-1864) | |
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| T. D. Kingsley, A Wounded Soldier Describes a Field Hospital (1863) | |
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| William Fisher Plane, The Scourge of War (1862) | |
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| The Military Struggle, 1864 | |
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| Ulysses S. Grant Devises a New Union Strategy (1885) | |
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| Horace Porter, A Union Officer Depicts the Fury of the Fighting at Spotsylvania (1897) | |
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| Robert E. Lee, Our Numbers Are Daily Decreasing (1864) | |
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| Robert Stiles, A Confederate Soldier Describes the Pressure of Fighting in the Trenches (1903) | |
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| William Tecumseh Sherman, War Is Cruelty, and You Cannot Refine It (1864) | |
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| William Tecumseh Sherman Proposes to March to the Sea (1864) | |
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| James Connolly, An Illinois Soldier Marches with Sherman to the Sea and Beyond (1864-1865) | |
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| Dolly Lunt Burge, The Heavens Were Lit with Flames (1864) | |
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| Union Politics, 1864 | |
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| The New York Times Is Amazed by the Change in Public Opinion on Slavery (1864) | |
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| Party Platforms in 1864 | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, Events Have Controlled Me (1864) | |
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| Horace Greeley, Our Bleeding Country Longs for Peace (1864) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Outlines His Terms for Peace (1864) | |
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| Henry J. Raymond, The Tide Is Setting Strongly against Us (1864) | |
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| Illinois State Register, A Negotiated Peace with the Confederacy is Possible (1864) | |
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| New York Tribune, An Armistice Would Lead to a Southern Victory (1864) | |
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| The Republican and Democratic Parties' Final Appeal to the Voters (1864) | |
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| J. N. Jones, A Democratic Soldier Votes for Lincoln (1891) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, The Election Was a Necessity (1864) | |
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| Chicago Tribune, Lincoln's Election Is a Mandate to Abolish Slavery (1864) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Hails the Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) | |
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| Confederate Politics, 1864-1865 | |
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| Josiah Gorgas Notes the Achievements of the Confederate Ordance Bureau (1864) | |
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| Alexander H. Stephens, Once Lost, Liberty Is Lost Forever (1864) | |
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| Richmond Examiner, We Are Fighting for Independence, Not Slavery (1864) | |
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| Richmond Examiner, We Prefer the Law (1864) | |
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| Charleston Mercury, We Want No Confederacy without Slavery (1865) | |
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| Richmond Enquirer, Slavery and the Cause of the Confederacy (1865) | |
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| Howell Cobb, Opposition and Disloyalty Are Increasing Daily (1865) | |
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| The End of the War | |
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| Judith McGuire, A Bleak Confederate Christmas (1864) | |
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| Catherine Edmondston Reflects on the Situation of the Confederacy (1865) | |
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| George Ward Nichols, Southerners Have Lost the Will to Resist (1865) | |
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| Luther Mills, Desertion Now Is Not Dishonorable (1865) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, With Malice toward None (1865) | |
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| Mary A. Fontaine, Bitter Tears Came in a Torrent (1865) | |
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| A. W. Bartlett, Richmond's Black Residents Welcome Abraham Lincoln (1897) | |
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| Joshua L. Chamberlain, An Awed Stillness (1915) | |
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| Gideon Welles Describes Lincoln's Death (1865) | |
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| Edmund Ruffin Fires the Last Shot of the Civil War (1865) | |
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| Samuel T. Foster, A Confederate Soldier Reflects on the War's Cost and Significance (1865) | |
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| Kate Cumming, A Confederate Nurse Discusses the Internal Causes of the Confederacy's Defeat (1865) | |
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| Robert Garlick Kean, A Confederate Official Analyzes the Causes of the Defeat of the Confederacy (1957) | |
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| Sarah Hine, We Have No Future (1866) | |
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| George Templeton Strong, We Have Lived a Century of Common Life (1865) | |
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| New York Times, The War Touches Everything (1867) | |
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| Reconstruction | |
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| Presidential Reconstruction | |
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| Abraham Lincoln Vetoes the Wade-Davis Bill (1864) | |
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| Benjamin F. Wade and Henry Winter Davis, The Wade-Davis Manifesto (1864) | |
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| Abraham Lincoln, We Shall Have the Fowl Sooner by Hatching Than Smashing the Egg (1865) | |
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| Ulysses S. Grant Affirms the Loyalty of Southern Whites (1865) | |
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| Carl Schurz Questions Southern Whites' Loyalty (1865) | |
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| The Mississippi Black Codes (1865) | |
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| Andrew Johnson, The Radicals Will Be Completely Foiled (1865) | |
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| Virginia Blacks Petition for Suffrage (1865) | |
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| Andrew Johnson Reports on the Success of His Program of Reconstruction (1865) | |
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| Johnson's Clash with Congress | |
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| Thaddeus Stevens Designates the Southern States as Conquered Provinces (1865) | |
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| Andrew Johnson Says Black Suffrage Will Lead to Race War in the South (1866) | |
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| The Joint Committee Reports on the Status of the Former States of the Confederacy (1866) | |
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| Andrew Johnson Vetoes the Civil Rights Bill (1866) | |
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| The Chicago Tribune Blames Johnson for the New Orleans Riot (1866) | |
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| Oliver P. Morton Waves the Bloody Shirt (1866) | |
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| Andrew Johnson, I Am Fighting Traitors in the North (1866) | |
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| New York Times, The People's Verdict (1866) | |
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| Congressional Reconstruction | |
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| Thaddeus Stevens's Land Confiscation Bill (1867) | |
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| Andrew Johnson Accuses Congress of Seeking to Africanize the South (1867) | |
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| The Articles of Impeachment (1868) | |
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| William Evarts Defends Johnson in the Impeachment Trial (1868) | |
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| Elizabeth Cady Stanton Appeals for Universal Suffrage (1869) | |
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| James T. Rapier, A Black Congressman Complains about Unequal Treatment (1874) | |
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| Richard Cain, Equal Rights and Social Equality (1874) | |
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| Political Reconstruction in the South | |
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| Alabama Blacks Voice Their Aspirations for Equality (1867) | |
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| South Carolina Democrats Protest against the New State Constitution (1868) | |
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| R. I. Cromwell, An African American Leader Instructs New Black Voters (1867) | |
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| Henry Clay Warmoth, Who Is Responsible for Corruption? (1870) | |
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| Alexander White, A Defense of Carpetbaggers (1875) | |
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| Economic and Social Reconstruction | |
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| A. B. Randall, Former Slaves Are Anxious to Record Their Marriages (1865) | |
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| Sidney Andrews, Southern Whites Have No Faith in Black Free Labor (1866) | |
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| N. B. Lucas, Freedpeople Complain about Their Former Owners' Attempts to Cheat Them (1865) | |
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| Jourdon Anderson, A Freedman Writes his Former Master (1865) | |
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| John W. DeForest, The Tribulations of a Freedmen's Bureau Agent (1868) | |
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| New Orleans Tribune, They Are the Planter's Guards (1867) | |
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| Henry Adams, The Contested Meaning of Freedom (1880) | |
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| Henry Adams, Planters Insist That Black Women Work in the Fields (1880) | |
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| Mariah Baldwin and Ellen Latimer, Two Black Workers Settle Accounts at the End of the Year (1867) | |
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| New Orleans Tribune, A Black Newspaper Calls for Integrated Schools in New Orleans (1867) | |
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| A Sharecropping Contract (1886) | |
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| Opposition and Northern Disillusionment | |
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| Ulysses S. Grant Signals a Retreat from Reconstruction (1874) | |
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| James S. Pike, Society Turned Bottom-Side Up (1874) | |
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| The Nation, This Is Socialism (1874) | |
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| South Carolina Black Leaders Defend the State Government's Fiscal Record (1874) | |
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| Ulysses S. Grant Vetoes the Currency Act (1874) | |
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| James G. Blaine, The Blaine Amendment (1875) | |
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| Edwards Pierrepont, The Public Is Tired of These Outbreaks in the South (1875) | |
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| James W. Lee, The Mississippi Plan in Action (1876) | |
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| Margaret Ann Caldwell, The Assassination of an African American Political Leader (1876) | |
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| James Lusk, A Southern White Leader Abandons the Republican Party (1913) | |
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| The End of Reconstruction | |
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| Rutherford B. Hayes Outlines His Southern Policy (1877) | |
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| Governor Daniel Chamberlain Surrenders the Southern Carolina Governorship (1877) | |
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| Frederick Douglass Assesses the Mistakes of Reconstruction (1880) | |
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| Appendix | |
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| United States Constitution | |
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| Confederate Constitution | |
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| Permissions, Acknowledgments | |