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| Preface | |
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| Structure of Matter | |
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| Matter and Energy | |
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| Radiation | |
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| The Atom | |
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| Electronic Structure of the Atom | |
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| Structure of the Nucleus | |
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| Nuclear Binding Energy | |
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| Nuclear Nomenclature | |
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| Chart of the Nuclides | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Radioactive Decay | |
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| Spontaneous Fission | |
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| Isomeric Transition | |
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| Gamma ([gamma])-Ray Emission | |
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| Internal Conversion | |
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| Alpha ([alpha])-Decay | |
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| Beta ([beta superscript -])-Decay | |
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| Positron ([beta superscript +])-Decay | |
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| Electron Capture | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Kinetics of Radioactive Decay | |
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| Radioactive Decay Equations | |
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| General Equation | |
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| Half-Life | |
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| Mean Life | |
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| Effective Half-life | |
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| Units of Radioactivity | |
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| Specific Activity | |
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| Calculation | |
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| Successive Decay Equations | |
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| General Equation | |
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| Transient Equilibrium | |
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| Secular Equilibrium | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Statistics of Radiation Counting | |
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| Error, Accuracy, and Precision | |
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| Mean and Standard Deviation | |
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| Gaussian Distribution | |
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| Standard Deviation of Count Rates | |
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| Propagation of Errors | |
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| Chi-Square Test | |
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| Minimum Detectable Activity | |
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| Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Production of Radionuclides | |
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| Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides | |
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| Reactor-Produced Radionuclides | |
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| Fission or (n, f) Reaction | |
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| Neutron Capture or (n, [gamma]) Reaction | |
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| Target and Its Processing | |
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| Equation for Production of Radionuclides | |
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| Radionuclide Generators | |
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| [superscript 99]Mo-[superscript 99m]Tc Generator | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Interaction of Radiation with Matter | |
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| Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter | |
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| Specific Ionization | |
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| Linear Energy Transfer | |
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| Range | |
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| Bremsstrahlung | |
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| Annihilation | |
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| Interaction of [gamma]-Radiations with Matter | |
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| Mechanism of Interaction of [gamma]-Radiations | |
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| Attenuation of [gamma]-Radiations | |
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| Interaction of Neutrons with Matter | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Gas-Filled Detectors | |
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| Principles of Gas-Filled Detectors | |
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| Ionization Chambers | |
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| Cutie Pie Survey Meter | |
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| Dose Calibrator | |
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| Pocket Dosimeter | |
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| Geiger-Muller Counters | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Scintillation and Semiconductor Detectors | |
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| Scintillation Detectors | |
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| Solid Scintillation Detectors | |
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| Semiconductor Detectors | |
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| Solid Scintillation Counters | |
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| NaI(Tl) Detector | |
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| Photomultiplier Tube | |
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| Preamplifier | |
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| Linear Amplifier | |
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| Pulse-Height Analyzer | |
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| Display or Storage | |
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| Gamma-Ray Spectrometry | |
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| Photopeak | |
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| Compton Valley, Edge, and Plateau | |
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| Characteristic X-Ray Peak | |
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| Backscatter Peak | |
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| Iodine Escape Peak | |
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| Annihilation Peak | |
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| Coincidence Peak | |
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| Liquid Scintillation Counters | |
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| Characteristics of Counting Systems | |
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| Energy Resolution | |
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| Detection Efficiency | |
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| Dead Time | |
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| Gamma Well Counters | |
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| Calibration of Well Counters | |
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| Counting in Well Counters | |
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| Effects of Sample Volume | |
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| Thyroid Probe | |
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| Thyroid Uptake Measurement | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Gamma Cameras | |
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| Gamma Cameras | |
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| Principles of Operation | |
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| Detector | |
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| Collimator | |
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| Photomultiplier Tube | |
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| X-, Y-Positioning Circuit | |
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| Pulse-Height Analyzer | |
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| Display and Storage | |
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| Digital Cameras | |
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| Solid State Digital Cameras | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Performance Parameters of Gamma Cameras | |
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| Spatial Resolution | |
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| Intrinsic Resolution | |
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| Collimator Resolution | |
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| Scatter Resolution | |
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| Evaluation of Spatial Resolution | |
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| Bar Phantom | |
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| Line-Spread Function | |
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| Modular Transfer Function | |
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| Sensitivity | |
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| Collimator Efficiency | |
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| Uniformity | |
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| Pulse-Height Variation | |
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| Nonlinearity | |
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| Edge Packing | |
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| Gamma Camera Tuning | |
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| Effects of High Counting Rates | |
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| Contrast | |
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| Q`ality Control Tests for Gamma Cameras | |
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| Daily Checks | |
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| Weekly Checks | |
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| Annual or As-Needed Checks | |
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| Questions | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Digital Computers in Nuclear Medicine | |
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| Basics of a Computer | |
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| Central Processing Unit | |
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| Computer Memory | |
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| External Storage Devices | |
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| Input/Output Devices | |
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| Operation of a Computer | |
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| Digitization of Analog Data | |
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| Digital-to-Analog Conversion | |
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| Digital Images | |
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| Application of Computers in Nuclear Medicine | |
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| Digital Data Acquisition | |
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| Static Study | |
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| Dynamic Study | |
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| Gated Study | |
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| Reconstruction of Images | |
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| Superimposition and Subtraction of Images | |
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| Display | |
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| Software and DICOM | |
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| PACS | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
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| Tomographic Imaging | |
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| Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
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| Data Acquisition | |
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| Image Reconstruction | |
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| SPECT/CT | |
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| Factors Affecting SPECT | |
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| Performance of SPECT Cameras | |
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| Spatial Resolution | |
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| Sensitivity | |
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| Other Parameters | |
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| Quality Control Tests for SPECT Cameras | |
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| Daily Tests | |
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| Weekly Tests | |
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| Quality Control Tests for CT Scanners | |
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| Questions | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Position Emission Tomography | |
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| Positron-Emitting Radionuclides | |
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| Detector for PET | |
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| PM Tubes and Pulse-Height Analyzers | |
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| PET Scanners | |
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| Block Detectors | |
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| Coincidence Timing Window | |
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| PET/CT Scanners | |
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| Mobile PET or PET/CT | |
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| Micro-PET | |
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| Hybrid Gamma Cameras | |
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| Data Acquisition | |
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| Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition | |
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| Image Reconstruction | |
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| Factors Affecting PET | |
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| Normalization | |
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| Photon Attenuation Correction | |
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| Random Coincidences | |
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| Scatter Coincidences | |
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| Dead Time | |
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| Radial Elongation | |
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| Performance of PET Scanners | |
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| Spatial Resolution | |
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| Sensitivity | |
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| Noise Equivalent Count Rate | |
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| Quality Control Tests for PET Scanners | |
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| Daily Tests | |
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| Weekly Tests | |
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| Questions | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Internal Radiation Dosimetry | |
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| Radiation Units | |
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| Dose Calculation | |
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| Radiation Dose Rate | |
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| Cumulative Radiation Dose | |
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| Radiation Dose in SI Units | |
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| Effective Dose Equivalent and Effective Dose | |
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| Pediatric Dosages | |
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| Questions | |
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| Suggested Readings | |
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| Radiation Biology | |
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| The Cell | |
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| Effects of Radiation | |
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| DNA Molecule | |
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| Chromosome | |
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| Direct and Indirect Actions of Radiation | |
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| Radiosensitivity of Cells | |
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| Cell Survival Curves | |
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| Factors Affecting Radiosensitivity | |
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| Dose Rate | |
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| Linear Energy Transfer | |
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| Chemicals | |
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| Stage of Cell Cycle | |
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| Classification of Radiation Damage | |
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| Stochastic and Deterministic Effects | |
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| Acute Effects of Total Body Irradiation | |
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| Hemopoietic Syndrome | |
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| Gastrointestinal Syndrome | |
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| Cerebrovasculor Syndrome | |
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| Long-Term Effects of Radiation | |
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| Somatic Effects | |
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| Genetic Effects | |
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| Risk Versus Benefit in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | |
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| Risk to Pregnant Women | |
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| Dirty Bombs | |
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| Types of Radiation Exposure | |
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| Protective Measures in Case of Explosion of a Dirty Bomb | |
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| Verification Card for Radioactive Patients | |
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| Radiation Phobia | |
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| Questions | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Radiation Regulations and Protection | |
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| Sources of Radiation Exposure | |
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| License | |
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| Radiation Protection | |
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| Definition of Terms | |
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| Caution Signs and Labels | |
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| Occupational Dose Limits | |
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| ALARA Program | |
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| Principles of Radiation Protection | |
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| Personnel Monitoring | |
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| Dos and Don'ts in Radiation Protection Practice | |
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| Bioassay | |
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| Receiving and Monitoring Radioactive Packages | |
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| Radioactive Waste Disposal | |
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| Radioactive Spill | |
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| Recordkeeping | |
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| Medical Uses of Radioactive Materials | |
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| Applications, Amendments, and Notifications | |
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| Authority and Responsibilities of the Licensee | |
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| Supervision | |
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| Mobile Nuclear Medicine Service | |
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| Written Directives | |
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| Measurement of Dosages | |
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| Calibration, Transmission, and Reference Sources | |
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| Requirement for Possession of Sealed Sources | |
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| Labeling of Vials and Syringes | |
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| Surveys of Ambient Radiation Exposure Rate | |
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| Calibration of Survey Instruments | |
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| Training and Experience Requirements for Medical Uses of By-Product Materials | |
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| Report and Notification of a Medical Event | |
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| Report and Notification of a Dose to an Embryo/Fetus or a Nursing Child | |
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| Release of Patients Administered with Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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| Recordkeeping | |
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| Transportation of Radioactive Materials | |
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| European Regulations Governing Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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| Questions | |
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| References and Suggested Readings | |
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| Units and Constants | |
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| Terms Used in Texts | |
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| Answers to Questions | |
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| Index | |