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| Ethics and the research process | |
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| Introduction: ethics and research | |
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| Some terminological issues: participants, subjects or respondents? | |
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| Ethics and research aims | |
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| Moral justifications of research | |
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| Situations where engaging in research may be ethically undesirable | |
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| Responsibilities of researchers to fellow researchers, respondents, the public and the academic community | |
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| Areas of research which raise ethical issues | |
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| Research and the respondent: ethical issues before the research commences | |
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| Procedures for identifying and recruiting potential respondents | |
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| The principle of informed consent | |
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| Written information on the research project, and obtaining written consent | |
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| Potential disadvantage or harm which might affect respondents | |
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| Will respondents be likely to gain in any way from participation in the research? | |
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| The involvement of research participants in research design | |
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| Researching vulnerable groups of people | |
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| Obtaining access to the research field via 'gatekeepers' | |
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| The role of ethics committees and boards | |
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| Obtaining relevant permission to conduct research | |
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| Reaching agreement with institutions or organizations in which research will be conducted | |
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| Research and the respondent: ethical issues during the research | |
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| The ethics of recording data | |
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| The right of respondents to end involvement in the research | |
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| The disclosure by respondents of sensitive material | |
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| Ethical issues in the use of information and communication technology | |
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| The ethics of ethnographic fieldwork | |
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| The ethics of the research interview | |
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| Ethical issues in the use of questionnaires | |
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| The use of inducements to provide data | |
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| Is it ever ethical to collect data from respondents using deception or covert methods? | |
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| Research and the respondent: ethical issues when data collection has been completed | |
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| The issue of allowing respondents to read, edit and confirm the accuracy of data | |
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| Reporting research results to respondents | |
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| Arrangements for the disposal of raw data | |
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| Potential psychological effects on respondents | |
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| The distinction between interview research and counselling | |
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| Possible consequences when the respondent remains in the research context | |
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| Ethical themes | |
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| The privacy of respondents, and restrictions on the use of data | |
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| Anonymity | |
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| Confidentiality | |
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| Trying to maintain the social ecology of a research setting | |
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| Observational studies in a public setting | |
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| Privacy in relation to institutions and organizations | |
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| The storage of data | |
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| Differences in the research context | |
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| Cultural differences | |
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| Gender differences | |
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| Differences of ethnicity | |
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| Religious differences | |
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| The collection of data when the researcher is of a different culture or gender from that of respondents | |
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| Issues specific to research in a health or social care context | |
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| The funding and sponsorship of research | |
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| Ethics and funding agreements | |
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| The ethics of research contracts | |
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| The resolution of potential conflicts of interest | |
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| The issue of allowing sponsors to read or edit draft research reports | |
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| Intellectual ownership | |
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| Regulatory frameworks and research governance | |
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| Codes of ethics within different disciplines | |
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| Ethical concerns when using the Internet and technology | |
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| Contacting respondents | |
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| Collecting data using the Internet | |
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| Collecting data from Internet sources | |
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| Privacy on the Internet | |
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| The publication and dissemination of research | |
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| Different audiences for research reports and findings | |
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| Editorial procedures in academic journals | |
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| The nature of plagiarism | |
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| The style of expression of academic judgements | |
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| Establishing authorship | |
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| Acting as a reviewer of academic material | |
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| The uses of synopses of research | |
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| Acknowledging the limitations of research conclusions | |
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| Conclusion: the role of the researcher | |
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| Representation of research findings to non-researchers | |
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| Recognition of the value of different research methodologies | |
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| Consultation with peers on complex ethical issues | |
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| Using forms of communication and language which are appropriate to the context | |
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| The benefits and disadvantages of being a research participant | |
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| Some principles for trying to resolve ethical dilemmas in research | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |