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| Introduction | |
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| Definition and Classification of Injuries | |
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| Hard Tissue Injuries | |
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| Soft Tissue Injuries | |
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| Etiology and Epidemiology | |
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| Trends | |
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| Predetermining Factors | |
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| Prevention | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Patient Assessment | |
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| Medical Emergency Considerations | |
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| Oral Emergency Considerations | |
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| Patient History | |
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| Soft Tissue Clinical Examination | |
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| Soft Tissue Radiographic Examination | |
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| Hard Tissue Clinical Examination | |
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| Hard Tissue Radiographic Examination | |
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| Pediatric Considerations | |
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| Geriatric Considerations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Crown Fractures: A Practical Approach for the Clinician | |
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| Classification | |
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| Etiological Factors | |
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| Diagnosis and Clinical Findings | |
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| Radiographic Findings | |
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| Biological Considerations and Treatment Principles | |
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| Enamel Infractions and Enamel Fractures | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Histopathology | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| Enamel-Dentin Fracture Without Pulp Involvement (Uncomplicated Crown Fractures) | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Histopathology | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| Enamel-Dentin Fracture with Pulp Involvement (Complicated Crown Fractures) | |
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| Diagnosis | |
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| Histopathology | |
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| Factors Influencing Choice of Treatment | |
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| Treatment: Mature and Immature Teeth | |
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| Pulp-Capping Agents | |
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| Prognosis | |
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| Treatment Techniques for Nonvital Teeth | |
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| Mature Teeth | |
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| Immature Teeth | |
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| Restoration of Immature Roots | |
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| Crown Fractures in Primary Teeth | |
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| Clinical Appearance | |
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| Radiographic Appearance | |
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| Biological Considerations | |
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| Uncomplicated Crown Fractures (No Pulp Exposure) | |
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| Complicated Crown Fractures (Pulp Exposure) | |
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| Intraalveolar Root Fractures | |
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| Terminology and Epidemiology | |
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| Clinical Presentation | |
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| Radiographic Presentation | |
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| Healing Classifications | |
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| Sequelae | |
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| Pulp Survival With Canal Obliteration | |
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| Internal Resorption | |
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| External Resorption | |
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| Loss of Crestal Bone | |
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| Healing Parameters | |
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| Fracture Location | |
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| Diastasis | |
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| Tooth Maturity | |
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| Gender | |
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| Management | |
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| Splinting | |
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| Endodontic Treatment | |
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| Treating the Coronal Fragment | |
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| Treating the Coronal Fragment and Removing the Apical Fragment | |
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| Treating the Coronal and Apical Fragments at the Same Time | |
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| Removing the Coronal Fragment and Treating the Apical Fragment | |
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| Pediatric Considerations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Luxation Injuries | |
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| Classification | |
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| Etiology and Epidemiology | |
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| Diagnosis of Luxation Injuries: Radiographic and Clinical Aspects | |
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| Concussion | |
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| Subluxation | |
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| Lateral Luxation | |
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| Extrusive Luxation | |
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| Intrusive Luxation | |
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| Treatment of Luxation Injuries | |
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| Emergency Treatment | |
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| Posttrauma Follow-up Evaluations and Treatment | |
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| Sequelae of Luxation Injuries | |
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| Types | |
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| Diagnostic Means to Detect Sequelae on Follow-up | |
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| Expected Healing Outcome of Luxation Injuries | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Avulsions | |
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| Etiology and Epidemiology | |
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| Key Issues Associated with Prognosis and Management of Avulsed Teeth | |
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| Pulpal Damage: Comparing Mature and Immature Teeth | |
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| Periodontal Damage | |
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| Emergency Management of Avulsion Injuries | |
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| At the Site of the Injury (Outside the Dental Office) | |
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| Emergency Management at the Dental Office | |
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| Sequelae of Avulsion Injuries | |
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| Consequences of Pulpal Necrosis | |
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| Consequences of Periodontal Damage: External Root Resorption | |
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| Posttraumatic Follow-up and Management | |
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| Need for Endodontic Treatment | |
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| Recall Frequency | |
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| Treatment Options for Open Apex Teeth That Failed to Revascularize | |
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| Expected Healing Outcome of Avulsions | |
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| Epidemiological Data | |
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| Signs of Nonhealing | |
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| Treatment Options | |
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| Avulsed Primary Teeth | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Alveolar Fractures | |
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| Epidemiology and Etiology | |
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| Terminology and Classification | |
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| Clinical and Radiographic Findings | |
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| Treatment | |
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| Antibiotic Treatment and Tetanus Prophylaxis | |
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| Reduction | |
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| Fixation and Immobilization | |
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| Rehabilitation | |
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| Healing | |
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| Sequence of Fracture Healing | |
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| Complications | |
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| Malocclusion | |
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| Loss of Alveolar Bone | |
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| Loss of Teeth | |
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| Endodontic Implications | |
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| Prognosis and Outcome Assessment | |
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| Pediatric Considerations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Soft Tissue Injuries and Management | |
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| Epidemiology of Soft Tissue Injuries | |
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| Etiology of Soft Tissue Injuries | |
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| Management of Soft Tissue Injuries | |
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| The Face | |
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| Immediate Treatment of Facial Trauma | |
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| Complementary Treatment for Facial Trauma | |
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| The Lips | |
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| Cyanoacrylates and their Dental Applications | |
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| Clinical Examination of the Lips | |
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| Radiographic Examination of the Lips | |
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| Technique for Closing Lip Wounds with Cyanoacrylates | |
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| Advantages of Cyanoacrylates | |
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| Disadvantages of Cyanoacrylates | |
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| The Mucosa | |
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| The Labial Frenum | |
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| The Tongue | |
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| Healing Mechanism of Oral Soft Tissue Wounds | |
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| Preventive Measures to Avoid Soft Tissue Injuries | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Law and Dental Trauma | |
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| Dental Laws and Licensing Regulations | |
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| Legal Issues | |
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| Standards of Care | |
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| Unprofessional Conduct | |
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| Violations of Statutes | |
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| Consent Issues | |
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| Informed Consent/Refusal | |
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| Burden of Proof | |
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| Causation | |
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| Conduct of Others | |
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| Good Faith Settlement | |
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| Nature of Injury | |
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| Nature of the Trauma | |
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| Standards for Trauma Cases | |
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| Good Samaritan Defenses | |
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| Nonintentional Injury/Accident/Sporting Cases | |
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| Abuse and Battery Cases | |
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| Confidentiality and Privileges | |
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| Immunity | |
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| Failure to Report | |
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| Recognition of Abuse | |
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| Iatrogenic Trauma Cases | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Psychological Impact of Dental Injuries | |
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| The Literature on Psychological Reactions to Physical Injuries | |
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| Reviewing Emotional and Behavioral Symptoms that may Accompany Dental Injuries | |
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| Acute Stress Disorder | |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Other Signs of Distress | |
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| Implications for the Dentist in Providing Support to a Psychologically Affected Patient | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Orofacial Trauma Prevention | |
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| Athletic Mouthguards | |
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| History of Mouthguards | |
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| Types of Athletic Mouthguards | |
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| Orthodontic and Mixed Dentition Considerations | |
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| Compliance and Acceptance of Mouthguards | |
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| Role of the Dentist in Orofacial Trauma Prevention | |
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| Mouthguard Fabrication | |
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| Athletic Team Dentists | |
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| Field Treatment Bag | |
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| Smokeless Tobacco | |
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| Blood Pressure | |
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| Heart Rate | |
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| Eating Disorders | |
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| Conclusion | |