| |
| |
| |
| Perspectives in Health Care and Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Population-Focused Practice: The Foundation of Specialization in Public Health Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Public Health Practice: The Foundation for Healthy Populations and Communities | |
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| |
| Public Health Nursing as a Field of Practice: An Area of Specialization | |
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| |
| Public Health Nursing and Community Health Nursing Versus Community-Based Nursing | |
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| |
| Roles in Public Health Nursing | |
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| |
| Challenges for the Future | |
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| |
| |
| History of Public Health and Public and Community Health Nursing | |
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| |
| Change and Continuity | |
| |
| |
| Historical Measures to Provide for the Public's Health | |
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| |
| America's Colonial Period and the New Republic | |
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| |
| Nightingale and the Origins of Trained Nursing | |
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| |
| America Needs Trained Nurses | |
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| School Nursing in America | |
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| |
| The Profession Comes of Age | |
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| Public Health Nursing in Official Health Agencies | |
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| |
| World War I and the Importance of Public Health Nursing | |
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| Paying the Bill for Community and Public Health Nurses | |
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| Efforts to Shape Public Policy | |
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| |
| African-American Nurses in Public Health Nursing | |
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| |
| Between the Two World Wars: Economic Depression and the Rise of Hospitals | |
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| |
| Increasing Federal Action for the Public's Health | |
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| |
| World War II: Extension and Retrenchment in Community and Public Health Nursing | |
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| |
| The Rise of Chronic Illness | |
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| |
| Failure of Financing for Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Consolidation of National Nursing Organizations | |
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| |
| Professional Nursing Education for Public Health Nursing | |
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| |
| New Forms of Payment for Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Community Organization and Professional Change | |
| |
| |
| Community and Public Health Nursing from the 1970s to the Present | |
| |
| |
| Community and Public Health Nursing Today | |
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| |
| |
| Public Health and Primary Health Care Systems and Health Care Transformation | |
| |
| |
| Current Health Care System in the United States | |
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| |
| Trends Affecting the Health Care System | |
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| |
| Organization of the Health Care System | |
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| |
| Transformation of the Health Care System | |
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| |
| A Comprehensive Model: Integration of Public Health and Primary Care | |
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| |
| |
| Perspectives on International Health Care | |
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| |
| Overview of International Health | |
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| |
| The Role of Population Health | |
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| |
| Primary Health Care | |
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| |
| Nursing and International Health | |
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| |
| Major International Health Organizations | |
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| |
| International Health and Economic Development | |
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| |
| Health Care Systems | |
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| |
| Major World Health Problems and the Burden of Disease | |
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| |
| |
| Influences on Health Care Delivery and Community-Oriented Nursing | |
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| |
| |
| Economics of Health Care Delivery | |
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| |
| Principles of Economics | |
| |
| |
| The Context of the U.S. Health System | |
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| |
| Trends in Health Care Spending | |
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| |
| Factors Influencing Health Care Costs | |
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| |
| Financing of Health Care | |
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| |
| Health Care Payment Systems | |
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| |
| Other Factors Affecting Resource Allocation in Health Care | |
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| |
| Primary Prevention | |
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| |
| Economics and the Future of Community-Oriented Nursing Practice | |
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| |
| |
| Ethics in Community-Oriented Nursing Practice | |
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| |
| History | |
| |
| |
| Key Ethical Terms | |
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| |
| Ethical Decision Making | |
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| |
| Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Ethics and the Core Functions of Community-Oriented Nursing | |
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| |
| Nursing Code of Ethics | |
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| |
| Public Health Code of Ethics | |
| |
| |
| Advocacy and Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cultural Diversity and Community-Oriented Nursing Practice | |
| |
| |
| Immigrant Health Issues | |
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| |
| Culture, Race, and Ethnicity | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Competence | |
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| |
| Inhibitors to Developing Cultural Competence | |
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| |
| Cultural Nursing Assessment | |
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| |
| Variations Among Cultural Groups | |
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| |
| Culture and Nutrition | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Socioeconomic Status | |
| |
| |
| |
| Government, the Law, and Policy Activism | |
| |
| |
| Structure of Government in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Healthy People 2010: An Example of National Health Policy Guidance | |
| |
| |
| Organizations and Agencies That Influence Community Health | |
| |
| |
| Impact of Government Health Functions and Structures on Nursing | |
| |
| |
| The Law and Community-Oriented Nursing | |
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| |
| Nursing Practice and Law | |
| |
| |
| Special Community Health Practice Issues and the Law | |
| |
| |
| The Nurse's Role in the Policy Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conceptual and Scientific Frameworks Applied to Community-Oriented Nursing Practice | |
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| |
| |
| Organizing Frameworks Applied to Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Developing a Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical Structure | |
| |
| |
| Using Conceptual Models | |
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| |
| Systems Models in Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Neuman Systems Model | |
| |
| |
| Omaha System | |
| |
| |
| Merging of the Neuman Systems Model and the Omaha System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Health | |
| |
| |
| Healthy People 2010 Objectives for Environmental Health | |
| |
| |
| Historical Context | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Health Sciences | |
| |
| |
| Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Precautionary Principle | |
| |
| |
| Reducing Environmental Health Risks | |
| |
| |
| Advocacy | |
| |
| |
| Referral Resources | |
| |
| |
| Roles for Nurses in Environmental Health | |
| |
| |
| |
| Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Definitions of Health | |
| |
| |
| Definitions and Descriptions of Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Basic Concepts in Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Screening | |
| |
| |
| Basic Methods in Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Descriptive Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Analytic Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| Experimental Studies | |
| |
| |
| Causality | |
| |
| |
| Applications of Epidemiology in Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence-Based Practice | |
| |
| |
| History of Evidence-Based Practice | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Barriers to Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Current Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Future Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Year 2010 National Healthy People Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Evidence-Based Practice Nursing Application | |
| |
| |
| Nursing Interventions Related to the Core Public Health Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community Health Education: Theories, Models, and Principles | |
| |
| |
| Healthy People 2010 Educational Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Education and Learning | |
| |
| |
| Philosophical Perspectives of Learning | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Learning | |
| |
| |
| Educational Principles | |
| |
| |
| Educational Issues | |
| |
| |
| The Educational Process | |
| |
| |
| The Educational Product | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrating Multilevel Approaches to Promote Community Health | |
| |
| |
| Shifting the Emphasis From Illness and Disease Management to Wellness | |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspectives, Definitions, and Methods | |
| |
| |
| Application to Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Issues and Approaches in Community-Oriented Health Care | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community as Client: Assessment and Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Community Defined | |
| |
| |
| Community as Client | |
| |
| |
| Goals and Means of Community-Oriented Practice | |
| |
| |
| Community-Focused Nursing Process: An Overview of the Process From Assessment to Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Personal Safety in Community Practice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community and Public Health Nursing in Rural and Urban Environments | |
| |
| |
| Historical Overview | |
| |
| |
| Definition of Terms | |
| |
| |
| Current Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Rural Health Care Delivery Issues and Barriers to Care | |
| |
| |
| Nursing Care in Rural Environments | |
| |
| |
| Future Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Building Professional-Community-Client Partnerships in Rural Settings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Health Promotion Through Healthy Communities and Cities | |
| |
| |
| History of the Healthy Communities and Cities Movement | |
| |
| |
| Definition of Terms | |
| |
| |
| Models of Community Practice | |
| |
| |
| Healthy Communities and Cities | |
| |
| |
| Future of the Healthy Communities and Cities Movement | |
| |
| |
| Implications for Community-Oriented Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Healthy People 2010 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nursing Center: A Model for Community-Oriented Nursing Practice | |
| |
| |
| What are Nursing Centers? | |
| |
| |
| Types of Nursing Centers | |
| |
| |
| Foundations for Nursing Center Development | |
| |
| |
| The Nursing Center Team | |
| |
| |
| The Business Side of Nursing Centers | |
| |
| |
| Evidence-Based Practice: Outcome Data | |
| |
| |
| Education and Research | |
| |
| |
| Positioning Nursing Centers for the Future | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case Management | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Concepts of Case Management | |
| |
| |
| Public Health and Community-Based Examples of Case Management | |
| |
| |
| Essential Skills for Case Managers | |
| |
| |
| Issues in Case Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disaster Management | |
| |
| |
| Disasters | |
| |
| |
| Three Stages of Disaster Involvement: Preparedness, Response, and Recovery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Program Management | |
| |
| |
| Definitions and Goals | |
| |
| |
| Historical Overview of Health Care Planning and Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Benefits of Program Planning | |
| |
| |
| Assessment of Need | |
| |
| |
| Planning Process | |
| |
| |
| Program Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Planning Methods and Evaluation Models | |
| |
| |
| Cost Studies Applied to Program Management | |
| |
| |
| Program Funding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quality Management | |
| |
| |
| Definitions and Goals | |
| |
| |
| Historical Development | |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Quality Improvement | |
| |
| |
| TQM/CQI in Community and Public Health Settings | |
| |
| |
| Client Satisfaction | |
| |
| |
| Model QA/QI Program | |
| |
| |
| Records | |
| |
| |
| |
| Group Approaches to Practice | |
| |
| |
| Group Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Promoting the Health of Individuals Through Group Work | |
| |
| |
| Community Groups and Their Contribution to Community Life | |
| |
| |
| Working With Groups Toward Community Health Goals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Health Promotion With Target Populations Across the Life Span | |
| |
| |
| |
| Family Development and Family Nursing Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Challenges for Community-Oriented Nurses Working With Families | |
| |
| |
| Family Demographics | |
| |
| |
| Definition of Family | |
| |
| |
| Family Health | |
| |
| |
| Four Approaches to Family Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Theoretical Frameworks for Family Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Working With Families for Healthy Outcomes | |
| |
| |
| Barriers to Practicing Family Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Family Nursing Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Social and Family Policy Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Family Health Risks | |
| |
| |
| Early Approaches to Family Health Risks | |
| |
| |
| Concepts in Family Health Risk | |
| |
| |
| Major Family Health Risks and Nursing Interventions | |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nursing Approaches to Family Health Risk Reduction | |
| |
| |
| Community Resources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Child and Adolescent Health | |
| |
| |
| Status of Children | |
| |
| |
| Child Development | |
| |
| |
| Nutrition | |
| |
| |
| Immunizations | |
| |
| |
| Major Health Problems | |
| |
| |
| Current Issues | |
| |
| |
| Models for Delivery of Health Care to Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
| Progress Toward Child Health: National Health Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Role of the Community-Oriented Nurse in Child and Adolescent Health | |
| |
| |
| |
| Women's Health | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspectives on Women's Health | |
| |
| |
| Health Policy and Legislation | |
| |
| |
| Health | |
| |
| |
| Women's Health Concerns | |
| |
| |
| HIV, AIDS | |
| |
| |
| Health Disparities Among Special Groups of Women | |
| |
| |
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | |
| |
| |
| U.S. Preventive Services Recommendations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Men's Health | |
| |
| |
| How Men Define Health | |
| |
| |
| The Health status of Men in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Male Development | |
| |
| |
| Men's Health and Mortality | |
| |
| |
| Gender Differences | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Differences | |
| |
| |
| Leading Causes of Men's Deaths | |
| |
| |
| Men's Health Practices in Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| The Community-Oriented Nurse's Role in Men's Health | |
| |
| |
| |
| Health of Older Adults | |
| |
| |
| Demographics | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Aging | |
| |
| |
| Multidimensional Influences on Aging | |
| |
| |
| Components of a Comprehensive Health Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Chronic Health Concerns of Older Adults in the Community | |
| |
| |
| Community-Based Models for Gerontological Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Role Opportunities for Nurses: Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Wellness | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Physically Compromised | |
| |
| |
| Definitions and Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Scope of the Problem | |
| |
| |
| Effects of being Physically Compromised | |
| |
| |
| Special Populations | |
| |
| |
| Selected Issues | |
| |
| |
| Healthy People 2010 Objectives | |
| |
| |
| Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities | |
| |
| |
| Role of the Nurse | |
| |
| |
| Legislation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vulnerability: Community-Oriented Nursing Issues for the Twenty-first Century | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vulnerability and Vulnerable Populations: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Perspectives on Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
| Public Policies Affecting Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
| Factors Contributing to Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
| Outcomes of Vulnerability | |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nursing Approaches to Care | |
| |
| |
| Assessment Issues | |
| |
| |
| Planning and Implementing Care for Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Nursing Interventions with Vulnerable Populations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Poverty and Homelessness | |
| |
| |
| Concept of Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Defining and Understanding Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Poverty and Health: Effects Across the Life Span | |
| |
| |
| Understanding the Concept of Homelessness | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Homelessness on Health | |
| |
| |
| Role of the Nurse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Migrant Health Issues | |
| |
| |
| Migrant Lifestyle | |
| |
| |
| Health and Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Occupational and Environmental Health Problems | |
| |
| |
| Children and Youths | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Considerations in Migrant Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Health Promotion and Illness Prevention | |
| |
| |
| Role of the Nurse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Teen Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
| Adolescent Health Care in the United States | |
| |
| |
| The Adolescent Client | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Pregnancy | |
| |
| |
| Background Factors | |
| |
| |
| Young Men and Paternity | |
| |
| |
| Early Identification of the Pregnant Teen | |
| |
| |
| Special Issues in Caring for the Pregnant Teen | |
| |
| |
| Teen Pregnancy and the Nurse | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mental Health Issues | |
| |
| |
| Scope of Mental Illness in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Systems of Community Mental Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Evolution of Community Mental Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Deinstitutionalization | |
| |
| |
| Conceptual Frameworks for Community Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Role of the Nurse in Community Mental Health | |
| |
| |
| Current and Future Perspectives in Mental Health Care | |
| |
| |
| National Objectives for Mental Health Services | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Problems in the Community | |
| |
| |
| ATOD Problems in Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Psychoactive Drugs | |
| |
| |
| Predisposing/Contributing Factors | |
| |
| |
| Primary Prevention and the Role of the Nurse | |
| |
| |
| Secondary Prevention and the Role of the Nurse | |
| |
| |
| Tertiary Prevention and the Role of the Nurse | |
| |
| |
| Outcomes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Violence and Human Abuse | |
| |
| |
| Social and Community Factors Influencing Violence | |
| |
| |
| Violence Against Individuals or Oneself | |
| |
| |
| Family Violence and Abuse | |
| |
| |
| Nursing Interventions | |
| |
| |
| Violence and the Prison Population | |
| |
| |
| Clinical Forensic Nursing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infectious Disease Prevention and Control | |
| |
| |
| Historical and Current Perspectives | |
| |
| |
| Transmission of Communicable Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Surveillance of Communicable Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Infectious Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Agents of Bioterrorism | |
| |
| |
| Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Vector-Borne Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Diseases of Travelers | |
| |
| |
| Zoonoses | |
| |
| |
| Parasitic Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Nosocomial Infections | |
| |
| |
| Universal Precautions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Communicable and Infectious Disease Risks | |
| |
| |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | |
| |
| |
| Sexually Transmitted Diseases | |
| |
| |
| Hepatitis | |
| |
| |
| Tuberculosis | |
| |
| |
| Nurse's Role in Providing Preventive Care for Communicable Diseases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nurses: Roles and Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nurse in Home Health and Hospice | |
| |
| |
| Definition of Home Health Care | |
| |
| |
| History of Home Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Types of Home Health Care Agencies | |
| |
| |
| Scope of Practice | |
| |
| |
| Standards of Home Health Nursing Practice | |
| |
| |
| Hospice Care | |
| |
| |
| Interdisciplinary Approach to Home Health and Hospice Care | |
| |
| |
| Educational Requirements for Home Health Practice | |
| |
| |
| Accountability and Quality Management | |
| |
| |
| Financial Aspects of Home Health and Hospice Care | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Legislation on Home Health Care Services | |
| |
| |
| Legal and Ethical Issues | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Home Health Care | |
| |
| |
| Issues for the Twenty-First Century | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Advanced Practice Nurse in the Community | |
| |
| |
| Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Educational Preparation | |
| |
| |
| Credentialing | |
| |
| |
| Advanced Practice Roles | |
| |
| |
| Arenas for Practice | |
| |
| |
| Issues and Concerns | |
| |
| |
| Role Stress | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Advanced Practice Nursing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nurse Leader and Consultant | |
| |
| |
| Major Trends and Issues | |
| |
| |
| Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Leadership and Management | |
| |
| |
| Consultation | |
| |
| |
| Competencies for Community-Oriented Nursing Leadership: Management, and Consultation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nurse in the Schools | |
| |
| |
| History of School Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Standards of Practice for School Nurses | |
| |
| |
| Educational Credentials of School Nurses | |
| |
| |
| Roles and Functions of School Nurses | |
| |
| |
| School Health Services | |
| |
| |
| School Nurses and Healthy People 2010 | |
| |
| |
| The Levels of Prevention in the Schools | |
| |
| |
| Controversies in School Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Ethics in School Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Future Trends in School Nursing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nurse in Occupational Health | |
| |
| |
| Definition and Scope of Occupational Health Nursing | |
| |
| |
| History and Evolution of Occupational Health Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Roles and Professionalism in Occupational Health Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Workers as a Population Aggregate | |
| |
| |
| Application of the Epidemiologic Model | |
| |
| |
| Organizational and Public Efforts to Promote Worker Health and Safety | |
| |
| |
| Nursing Care of Working Populations | |
| |
| |
| Healthy People 2010 Related to Occupational Health | |
| |
| |
| Legislation Related to Occupational Health | |
| |
| |
| Disaster Planning and Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Community-Oriented Nurse as Parish Nurse | |
| |
| |
| Definitions in Parish Nursing | |
| |
| |
| Heritage and Horizons | |
| |
| |
| Parish Nursing Practice | |
| |
| |
| Issues in Parish Nursing Practice | |
| |
| |
| Healthy People 2010 Leading Health Indicators and Faith Communities | |
| |
| |
| Population-Focused Parish Nursing: Faith Community and School | |
| |
| |
| |
| Public Health Nursing at the Local, State, and National Levels | |
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| Roles of Local, State, and Federal Public Health Agencies | |
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| History and Trends of Public Health | |
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| Scope, Standards, and Roles of Public Health Nursing | |
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| Issues and Trends in Public Health Nursing | |
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| Models of Public Health Nursing Practice | |
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| Education and Knowledge Requirements for Public Health Nurses | |
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| Certification for Public Health Nursing | |
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| National Health Objectives | |
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| Functions of Public Health Nurses | |
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| Answers to Practice Application Questions | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| International/National Agendas for Health Care Delivery | |
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| Schedule of Clinical Preventive Services | |
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| Select Major Historical Events Depicting Financial Involvement of Federal Government in Health Care Delivery | |
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| Declaration of Alma Ata | |
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| Community-Oriented Nursing Resources | |
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| Contracts and Forms: Samples | |
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| Community-Oriented Health Record (COHR) | |
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| The Living Will Directive | |
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| OASIS: Start of Care Assessment | |
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| Drug Immunization Information | |
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| Immunizing Agents and Immunization Schedules for Health Care Workers | |
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| Herbs and Supplements Used for Children and Adolescents | |
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| Screening Tools | |
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| Vision and Hearing Screening Procedures | |
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| Screening for Common Orthopedic Problems | |
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| Health Risk Appraisal | |
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| Lifestyle Assessment Questionnaire | |
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| Healthier People Health Risk Appraisal | |
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| 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey | |
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| Community Assessment Tools | |
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| Community-As-Partner Model | |
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| Family Assessment Tools | |
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| Family Systems Stressor-Strength Inventory (FS3I) | |
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| Friedman Family Assessment Model (Short Form) | |
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| Case Example of Family Assessment | |
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| Individual Assessment Tools | |
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| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale | |
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| Comprehensive Older Persons' Evaluation | |
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| Comprehensive Occupational and Environmental Health History | |
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| Essential Elements of Public Health Nursing | |
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| Examples of Public Health Nursing Roles and Implementing Public Health Functions | |
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| Public Health Guidelines for Practice | |
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| Core Competencies and Skill Levels for Public Health Nursing | |