Introduction to Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing | p. 1 |
Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing | p. 1 |
Threats to Security | p. 2 |
Mental Health and Mental Disorder | p. 5 |
Diagnoses: Pros and Cons | p. 7 |
Prevention of Mental Disorders | p. 8 |
Role of the Nurse | p. 10 |
Treatment | p. 16 |
Significance for Nursing | p. 17 |
Nurse Advocates | p. 17 |
Clinical Experiences: Rewards, Challenges, and Solutions | p. 20 |
Rewards | p. 21 |
Challenges and Solutions | p. 21 |
Additional Clinical Principles | p. 30 |
Psychobiology | p. 33 |
Understanding Neurobiologic Functions | p. 34 |
Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology of the Human Nervous System | p. 34 |
Emerging Concepts in Psychobiology | p. 41 |
Interrelated Systems | p. 42 |
Diagnostic and Evaluation Procedures | p. 43 |
Neurobiology and Psychiatric Nursing | p. 44 |
Legal and Ethical Implications in Clinical Practice | p. 48 |
Historical Review | p. 49 |
Commitment | p. 50 |
Confidentiality | p. 50 |
Rights of Clients | p. 52 |
The Americans With Disabilities Act | p. 56 |
Forensic Evaluations | p. 57 |
Malpractice | p. 58 |
Ethical Issues | p. 61 |
Cultural and Spiritual Issues | p. 65 |
Cultural Issues | p. 66 |
Understanding Culture | p. 66 |
Ethnicity vs. Culture | p. 67 |
Culture and Mental Health | p. 68 |
Cultural Competence | p. 69 |
Communication | p. 72 |
Cross-Cultural Perspectives of Mental Health | p. 75 |
Outcomes of Health Care for Minority Populations | p. 77 |
The Nursing Process | p. 78 |
Assessment | p. 78 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 79 |
Outcome Identification | p. 79 |
Planning | p. 80 |
Implementation | p. 80 |
Evaluation | p. 80 |
Spirituality | p. 80 |
Research | p. 81 |
Spirituality in Mental Health | p. 81 |
Major Spiritual Issues | p. 82 |
Stages of Moral Development | p. 85 |
Selected Cases of Clinical Spiritual Interventions | p. 87 |
The Nursing Process | p. 91 |
History and Perspectives of the Nursing Process | p. 92 |
Critical Thinking and the Nursing Process | p. 93 |
Assessment (Standard I) | p. 94 |
Nursing Diagnosis (Standard II) | p. 97 |
Outcome Identification (Standard III) | p. 99 |
Planning (Standard IV) | p. 102 |
Implementation (Standard V) | p. 107 |
Evaluation (Standard VI) | p. 111 |
The Nursing Process in Community and Home Settings | p. 112 |
Principles of Communication | p. 115 |
Components of Communication | p. 116 |
Factors That Influence Communication | p. 116 |
Modes of Communication | p. 117 |
Types of Communication | p. 119 |
Principles of Therapeutic Communication | p. 120 |
Communication and the Nursing Process | p. 133 |
Challenges in Communication | p. 133 |
Growth and Development Across the Lifespan | p. 138 |
Overview of Development Across the Life Span | p. 139 |
Child and Adolescent Development | p. 139 |
Psychosexual Theory | p. 139 |
Psychosocial Theory | p. 140 |
Interpersonal Theory | p. 141 |
Cognitive Theory | p. 143 |
Behavioral Theories | p. 144 |
Moral Development | p. 146 |
Adult Development | p. 147 |
Life Stage Theories | p. 147 |
Contemporary Theorists | p. 148 |
Life Span Transitions | p. 151 |
Adult Development in Later Life | p. 152 |
A Life Span Perspective of Aging | p. 153 |
Process of Aging | p. 156 |
Human Development in the Twenty-First Century | p. 165 |
Psychiatric Disorders | p. 171 |
Anxiety and Related Disorders | p. 171 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 172 |
Etiology | p. 175 |
Epidemiology | p. 176 |
Clinical Descriptions | p. 177 |
Prognosis | p. 184 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 184 |
The Nursing Process | p. 185 |
Assessment | p. 185 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 185 |
Outcome Identification | p. 189 |
Planning | p. 190 |
Implementation | p. 190 |
Evaluation | p. 192 |
Mood Disorders: Depression and Mania | p. 195 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 196 |
Etiology | p. 196 |
Epidemiology | p. 204 |
Clinical Description | p. 207 |
Prognosis and Clinical Course | p. 214 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 215 |
The Nursing Process | p. 216 |
Assessment | p. 216 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 217 |
Outcome Identification | p. 218 |
Planning | p. 219 |
Implementation | p. 219 |
Evaluation | p. 232 |
The Schizophrenias | p. 236 |
Historic and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 237 |
Etiology | p. 238 |
Epidemiology | p. 245 |
Clinical Descriptions | p. 248 |
Prognosis | p. 258 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 259 |
The Nursing Process | p. 260 |
Assessment | p. 260 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 260 |
Outcome Identification | p. 261 |
Planning | p. 261 |
Implementation | p. 262 |
Evaluation | p. 271 |
Personality Disorders | p. 274 |
Definition of Personality Disorders | p. 275 |
Theories of Personality Development | p. 275 |
Biologic Contributions to Personality Disorders | p. 278 |
Clinical Description and Epidemiology | p. 279 |
Prognosis | p. 280 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 282 |
The Nursing Process | p. 282 |
Assessment | p. 282 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 285 |
Outcome Identification | p. 286 |
Planning | p. 286 |
Implementation | p. 286 |
Evaluation | p. 293 |
Substance-Related Disorders | p. 295 |
Historic and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 296 |
Etiology | p. 296 |
Epidemiology | p. 298 |
Substance Abuse in Special Populations | p. 299 |
Dual Diagnosis | p. 302 |
Clinical Description | p. 303 |
The Nursing Process | p. 311 |
Assessment | p. 311 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 313 |
Outcome Identification | p. 315 |
Planning | p. 315 |
Implementation | p. 315 |
Evaluation | p. 323 |
Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders | p. 326 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 327 |
Etiology | p. 327 |
Epidemiology | p. 332 |
Clinical Description | p. 332 |
Prognosis | p. 333 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 333 |
The Nursing Process | p. 334 |
Assessment | p. 334 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 339 |
Outcome Identification | p. 339 |
Planning | p. 339 |
Implementation | p. 340 |
Evaluation | p. 343 |
Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence | p. 349 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 350 |
Mental Disorders | p. 350 |
Mental Retardation | p. 350 |
Elimination Disorders | p. 352 |
Pervasive Developmental Disorders | p. 353 |
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | p. 355 |
Developmental Disorders | p. 356 |
Separation Anxiety Disorder | p. 358 |
Tic Disorders | p. 359 |
Disruptive Behavior Disorders | p. 360 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 362 |
Other Problem Areas | p. 363 |
Adolescent Suicide | p. 363 |
Youth Violence | p. 363 |
Adult Disorders in Children and Adolescents | p. 364 |
The Nursing Process | p. 365 |
Assessment | p. 365 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 367 |
Outcome Identification | p. 367 |
Planning | p. 367 |
Implementation | p. 367 |
Evaluation | p. 370 |
Eating Disorders | p. 374 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 375 |
Etiology | p. 376 |
Epidemiology | p. 378 |
Clinical Description | p. 379 |
Prognosis | p. 381 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 382 |
The Nursing Process | p. 382 |
Assessment | p. 382 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 382 |
Outcome Identification | p. 384 |
Planning | p. 384 |
Implementation | p. 385 |
Evaluation | p. 390 |
Sexual Disorders | p. 393 |
Sexual Dysfunctions | p. 393 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 394 |
Etiology | p. 394 |
On the Horizon | p. 395 |
Epidemiology | p. 395 |
Clinical Description | p. 395 |
Prognosis | p. 396 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 396 |
The Nursing Process | p. 397 |
Assessment | p. 397 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 398 |
Outcome Identification | p. 398 |
Planning | p. 398 |
Implementation | p. 399 |
Evaluation | p. 402 |
Paraphilias | p. 403 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 403 |
Legal Implications | p. 403 |
Etiology | p. 405 |
Epidemiology | p. 406 |
Clinical Description | p. 406 |
Prognosis | p. 407 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 407 |
The Nursing Process | p. 407 |
Assessment | p. 407 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 407 |
Outcome Identification | p. 408 |
Planning | p. 408 |
Implementation | p. 409 |
Evaluation | p. 410 |
Adjustment Disorders | p. 415 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 416 |
Etiology | p. 416 |
Epidemiology | p. 419 |
Clinical Description | p. 419 |
Prognosis | p. 420 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 420 |
The Nursing Process | p. 420 |
Assessment | p. 420 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 421 |
Outcome Identification | p. 421 |
Planning | p. 421 |
Implementation | p. 422 |
Evaluation | p. 424 |
Therapeutic Modalities | p. 427 |
Interactive, Activity, and Electroconvulsive Therapies | p. 427 |
Interactive Therapy | p. 428 |
The Therapeutic Relationship | p. 428 |
Concerns Experienced by the Nurse | p. 430 |
Development of a Therapeutic Relationship | p. 431 |
Phases of the Therapeutic Relationship | p. 431 |
Therapeutic Milieu | p. 438 |
Group Therapy | p. 443 |
Family Therapy | p. 448 |
Activity Therapies | p. 450 |
Historical Perspectives | p. 450 |
The Role of Nursing in Activity Therapies | p. 450 |
Electroconvulsive Therapy | p. 450 |
Historical Perspective | p. 450 |
Statistics | p. 451 |
Modern Electroconvulsive Therapy | p. 451 |
Psychopharmacology | p. 455 |
Mode and Mechanism of Drug Action | p. 456 |
Psychotropic Pharmacotherapy Assessment | p. 457 |
Antipsychotic Medications | p. 457 |
Psychosis | p. 457 |
Depot Antipsychotics | p. 462 |
Atypical Antipsychotics | p. 463 |
Summary | p. 467 |
Antidepressants | p. 467 |
Indications | p. 468 |
Biologic Theory | p. 468 |
Major Classes of Antidepressants | p. 468 |
Other Antidepressants | p. 475 |
Augmentation Therapy in Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder | p. 476 |
Bipolar Disorders | p. 477 |
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders | p. 477 |
New Drug Therapy in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders | p. 483 |
Treatment of Mania | p. 484 |
Maintenance Therapy and Lifelong Intervention | p. 484 |
Anxiety Disorders | p. 48 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | p. 484 |
Panic Disorder | p. 486 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | p. 486 |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | p. 486 |
Generalized Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) | p. 487 |
Herbal Therapy | p. 487 |
Client Education | p. 487 |
Summary | p. 487 |
Hypnotics | p. 488 |
Benzodiazepines | p. 488 |
Drug Treatment in Aggressive and Violent Behaviors | p. 489 |
Treatment | p. 489 |
Factors Influencing the Choice of Medications | p. 489 |
Acute Agitation and Aggression | p. 489 |
Chronic Aggression | p. 490 |
Special Considerations for Children | p. 490 |
Complementary and Alternative Therapies | p. 493 |
Alternative Therapy Fields | p. 494 |
Historical Overview | p. 494 |
Current Issues | p. 496 |
Exploring Effectiveness of Alternative Therapies | p. 497 |
Application of Selected Alternative Therapies: an Overview | p. 499 |
Crisis: Concepts and Interventions | p. 507 |
Historical Context | p. 508 |
Crisis | p. 509 |
Methods of Crisis Intervention | p. 511 |
Planning and Executing Therapeutic Intervention | p. 514 |
Resolution of the Crisis | p. 515 |
Barriers to Effective Crisis Intervention | p. 516 |
Demands on the Psychiatric Nurse Working in Crisis Intervention | p. 516 |
Aggressive Behaviors | p. 519 |
Violence: Abuse, Neglect, and Rape | p. 519 |
Family Violence | p. 520 |
Definitions of Violence and Abuse | p. 521 |
Theories of Family Violence | p. 521 |
The Battered Woman | p. 523 |
Definition of the Battered Woman | p. 523 |
The Batterer | p. 524 |
The Nursing Process | p. 524 |
Assessment | p. 525 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 527 |
Outcome Identification | p. 527 |
Planning | p. 528 |
Implementation | p. 528 |
Evaluation | p. 528 |
Child Abuse | p. 529 |
Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect | p. 530 |
Theoretic Frameworks of Child Abuse | p. 530 |
The Abused Child | p. 530 |
The Child Physical Abuser | p. 531 |
The Nurse's Attitude in Child Abuse | p. 531 |
The Nursing Process | p. 531 |
Assessment | p. 531 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 532 |
Outcome Identification | p. 532 |
Planning | p. 533 |
Implementation | p. 533 |
Evaluation | p. 533 |
Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse of Children | p. 533 |
Definition of Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse | p. 534 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives on Incest | p. 535 |
Characteristics of the Incestual Family | p. 535 |
The Nursing Process | p. 537 |
Assessment | p. 537 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 539 |
Outcome Identification | p. 539 |
Planning | p. 540 |
Implementation | p. 540 |
Evaluation | p. 541 |
Elder Abuse | p. 541 |
Definition of Elder Abuse | p. 541 |
Theories on Elder Abuse | p. 542 |
The Nursing Process | p. 542 |
Assessment | p. 542 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 542 |
Outcome Identification | p. 543 |
Planning | p. 544 |
Implementation | p. 544 |
Evaluation | p. 544 |
Rape | p. 545 |
Definition of Rape | p. 546 |
Characteristics of a Rapist | p. 546 |
Effects of Rape on the Victim | p. 546 |
Suicide | p. 550 |
Historical and Theoretic Perspectives | p. 551 |
Etiology | p. 552 |
Epidemiology | p. 553 |
Clinical Description | p. 557 |
Prognosis | p. 561 |
Discharge Criteria | p. 561 |
The Nursing Process | p. 561 |
Assessment | p. 561 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 564 |
Outcome Identification | p. 564 |
Planning | p. 565 |
Implementation | p. 565 |
Evaluation | p. 569 |
Care in the Community | p. 573 |
Grief and Loss | p. 573 |
Responses | p. 573 |
Stages and Process of Grief | p. 575 |
Types of Grief | p. 577 |
Bereavement Care Across the Life Span | p. 578 |
Spirituality and Grief | p. 580 |
The Nursing Process | p. 581 |
Assessment | p. 581 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 582 |
Outcome Identification | p. 583 |
Planning | p. 583 |
Implementation | p. 584 |
Evaluation | p. 586 |
Persons With HIV/AIDS | p. 589 |
Epidemiology | p. 591 |
Etiology of Psychologic Distress in HIV/AIDS | p. 592 |
Clinical Description | p. 594 |
Prognosis | p. 595 |
The Nursing Process | p. 595 |
Assessment | p. 595 |
Nursing Diagnosis | p. 596 |
Nursing Diagnoses for Persons With AIDS Experiencing Adjustment Disorders With Depressed or Anxious Mood | p. 596 |
Outcome Identification | p. 596 |
Planning | p. 596 |
Implementation | p. 596 |
Evaluation | p. 601 |
Community Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing | p. 603 |
Role of the Nurse | p. 604 |
Historical Perspective | p. 604 |
Current Community Psychiatric Treatment Systems | p. 605 |
Cultural Considerations in Community Mental Health Nursing | p. 607 |
Components of Community Psychiatric Care | p. 607 |
Levels of Assisted Living | p. 609 |
Home Visits | p. 611 |
Homeless Mentally Ill | p. 612 |
Violence and the Mentally Ill | p. 613 |
Mentally Ill Persons in Jail | p. 614 |
Other Components of Community Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing | p. 614 |
Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 617 |
Development of Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 618 |
Psychologic Manifestations of Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 618 |
Cultural Implications Associated With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 620 |
Behavioral Manifestations of Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 621 |
Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness Who Have Special Problems | p. 625 |
Children and Adolescents With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 627 |
Homeless Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 628 |
Providers of Care for Persons With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness | p. 629 |
Public Policy Issues | p. 631 |
The Nursing Process | p. 632 |
Assessment | p. 632 |
Outcome Identification | p. 635 |
Planning | p. 636 |
Implementation | p. 637 |
Evaluation | p. 641 |
DSM-IV-TR Classification | p. 645 |
American Nurses Association Standards of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Practice | p. 654 |
Classification Systems: NIC and NOC | p. 656 |
Answers to Review Questions | p. 659 |
Glossary | p. 661 |
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