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About the Authors | |
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Preface | |
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Global Change | |
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Introduction | |
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Global Change on Short Time Scales | |
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A Closer Look: Are Hurricanes Getting Stronger with Time? | |
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A Closer Look: The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole | |
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Global Change on Long Time Scales | |
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Daisyworld: An Introduction to Systems | |
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The Systems Approach | |
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Thinking Quantitatively: Stability of Positive Feedback Loops | |
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The Daisyworld Climate System | |
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Useful Concepts: Graphs and Graph Making | |
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External Forcing: The Response of Daisyworld to Increasing Solar Luminosity | |
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Global Energy Balance: The Greenhouse Effect | |
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Introduction | |
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Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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Temperature Scales | |
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Blackbody Radiation | |
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Planetary Energy Balance | |
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A Closer Look: Planetary Energy Balance | |
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Atmospheric Composition and Structure | |
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Thinking Quantitatively: How the Greenhouse Effect Works: The One-Layer Atmosphere | |
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Physical Causes of the Greenhouse Effect | |
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Effect of Clouds on the Atmospheric Radiation Budget | |
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Introduction to Climate Modeling | |
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Climate Feedbacks | |
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The Atmospheric Circulation System | |
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The Global Circulatory Subsystems | |
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The Atmospheric Circulation | |
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A Closer Look: The Relationships between Temperature, Pressure, and Volumes-The Ideal Gas Law | |
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A Closer Look: How Hurricanes (Tropical Cyclones) Work | |
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Global Distributions of Temperature and Rainfall | |
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The Circulation of the Oceans | |
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Winds and Surface Currents | |
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A Closer Look: Vorticity | |
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A Closer Look: The 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 ENSO Events | |
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The Circulation of the Deep Ocean | |
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A Closer Look: The Salt Content of the Oceans and the Age of Earth | |
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Useful Concepts: Isotopes and Their Uses | |
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A Closer Look: Carbon-14-A Radioactive Clock | |
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The Cryosphere | |
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Introduction | |
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River and Lake Ice, Seasonal Snow Cover, and Permafrost | |
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Glaciers and Ice Sheets | |
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Thinking Quantitatively: Movement of Glaciers | |
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Sea Ice and Climate | |
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Circulation of the Solid Earth: Plate Tectonics | |
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Introduction | |
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Anatomy of Earth | |
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A Closer Look: The Principle of the Seismograph | |
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The Theory of Plate Tectonics | |
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Plates and Plate Boundaries | |
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A Closer Look: Deep-Sea Life at Mid-Ocean Ridge Vents | |
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The Physiology of the Solid Earth: What Drives Plate Tectonics? | |
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A Closer Look: Radiometric Age Dating of Geological Materials | |
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Recycling of the Lithosphere: The Rock Cycle | |
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Plate Tectonics through Earth History | |
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Recycling of the Elements: Carbon and Nutrient Cycles | |
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Systems Approach to the Carbon Cycle | |
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Useful Concepts: The Concept of the Mole | |
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The Short-Term Organic Carbon Cycle | |
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A Closer Look: Oxygen Minimum Zone | |
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The Long-Term Organic Carbon Cycle | |
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The Inorganic Carbon Cycle | |
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Useful Concepts: pH | |
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The Carbonate-Silicate Geochemical Cycle | |
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A Closer Look: Biological Enhancement of Chemical Weathering | |
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Links between the Organic and Inoganic Carbon Cycle | |
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Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycles | |
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Focus on the Biota: Metabolism, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity | |
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Life on Earth | |
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Structure of the Biosphere | |
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Ecosystems | |
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A Closer Look: Physiological versus Ecological Optima for Growth | |
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Biodiversity | |
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Diversity of Interactions | |
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Origin of Earth and of Life | |
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Introduction | |
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A Closer Look: Determining the Age of Earth | |
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Formation of the Solar System | |
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A Closer Look: Main-Sequence Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | |
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Formation of the Atmosphere and Ocean | |
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A Closer Look: The Nice Model of Solar System Formation | |
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The Origin of Life | |
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A Closer Look: Oxidation of the Atmosphere by Escape of Hydrogen | |
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A Closer Look: Probiotic O2 Concentrations | |
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A Closer Look: What Does It Mean to Be Alive? | |
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A Closer Look: The Compounds of Life | |
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Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone | |
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Introduction | |
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Effect of Life on the Early Atmosphere | |
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The Rise of Oxygen | |
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Useful Concepts: Oxidations States of Iron | |
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A Closer Look: Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotope Ratios and What They Tell US about the Rise of Atmospheric O2 | |
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The Rise of Ozone | |
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Variations in Atmospheric O2 Over the Last 2 Billion Years | |
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Thinking Quantitatively: Carbon Isotopes and Organic Carbon Burial | |
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Modern Controls on Atmospheric O2 | |
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Long-Term Climate Regulation | |
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Introduction | |
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The Faint Young Sun Paradox Revisited | |
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The Long-Term Climate Record | |
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Thinking Quantitatively: Energy Balance Modeling of the Snowball Earth | |
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A Closer Look: How Did Life Survive the Snowball Earth? | |
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Variations in Atmospheric CO2 and Climate During the Phanerozoic | |
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Biodiversity through Earth History | |
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The Fossil Record of Biodiversity | |
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Useful Concepts: Taxonomy | |
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The Creataceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction | |
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A Closer Look: The K-T Strangelove Ocean | |
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Extraterrestrial Influences and Extinction | |
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Pleistocene Glaciations | |
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Geologic Evidence of Pleistocene Glaciation | |
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Milankovitch Cycles | |
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Thinking Quantitatively: Kepler's Laws | |
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Thinking Quantitatively: Effect of the Sun and Moon on Earth's Obliquity and Precession | |
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Glacial Climate Feedbacks | |
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A Closer Look: Stochastic Resonance and Rapid Climate Change | |
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Global Warming, Part 1: Recent and Future Climate | |
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Introduction | |
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Holocene Climate Change | |
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Carbon Reservoirs and Fluxes | |
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CO2 Removal Processes and Time Scales | |
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A Closer Look: The Chemistry of CO2 Uptake | |
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Projections of Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations and Climate | |
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A Closer Look: Three-Dimensional General Circulation Models (GCMs) | |
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A Closer Look: Long-Term CO2 Projections | |
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Global Warming, Part 2: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation | |
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Introduction | |
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Changes in Sea Level | |
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Effects on Ecosystems | |
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Human Impacts of Global Warming | |
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Adapting to Global Warming | |
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Policies to Slow Global Warming | |
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Economic Consequences of Global Warming | |
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Oxone Depletion | |
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Introduction | |
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Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Biological Effects | |
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Ozone Vertical Distribution and Column Depth | |
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The Chapman Mechanism | |
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Catalytic Cycles of Nitrogen, Chlorine, and Bromine | |
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Sources and Sinks of Ozone-Depleting Compounds | |
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The Antarctic Ozone Hole | |
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A Closer Look: How the Link between Freons and Ozone Depletion Was Discovered | |
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Evidence of Midlatitude Ozone Depletion | |
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Mechanisms for Halting Ozone Depltion | |
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Human Threats to Biodiversity | |
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Introduction | |
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The Modern Extinction | |
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A Closer Look: Other Consequences of Tropical Deforestation | |
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Why We Should Care about Biodiversity | |
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Climate Stability on Earth and Earthlike Planets | |
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Introduction | |
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Climate Evolution in the Distant Future | |
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Climate Evolution on Venus and Mars | |
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A Closer Look: A Geoengineering Solution to Earth's Future Climate Problems | |
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Habitable Planets around Other Stars | |
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The Drake Equation | |
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Ensuring Our Long-Term Survival | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |