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| Preface | |
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| Why Health Economics? | |
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| Important (If Not Unique) Aspects of Health Care Economics | |
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| How Markets Interrelate in Medical Care and Health Insurance | |
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| Afterthought | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Utility and Health | |
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| How to Think About Health and Health Care (or...How Health Economics?) | |
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| The Production of Health | |
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| Health Through the Lifecycle | |
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| A Model of Consumption and Health | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapter in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 2: A Formal Model of Utility Maximization | |
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| The Transformation of Medical Care to Health | |
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| The Productivity of Medical Care | |
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| Confusion About the Production Function: A Policy Dilemma | |
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| Physician-Specific Variations (Medical Practice Styles) | |
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| Extensive and Intensive Margin Differences: Are They Similar? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 3: Marginal, Average, and Total Productivity | |
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| The Demand for Medical Care: Conceptual Framework | |
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| Indifference Curves for Health and Other Goods | |
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| From Indifference Curves to Demand Curves | |
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| How Demand Curves Depend on Illness Events | |
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| Demand Curves for Many Medical Services | |
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| The Demand Curve for a Society: Adding Up Individual Demands | |
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| Use of the Demand Curve to Measure Value of Care | |
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| How Insurance Affects a Demand Curve for Medical Care | |
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| Time Costs and Travel Costs | |
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| The Role of Quality in the Demand for Care | |
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| Revisited: The Price Index for Health Care | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 4: Demand Curves and Demand Elasticities | |
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| Empirical Studies of Medical Care Demand and Applications | |
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| Studies of Demand Curves | |
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| Effects of Age and Gender on Demand | |
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| The Effects of Illness on Demand | |
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| Lifestyle and its Effects on Demand | |
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| The Demand for "Illness" | |
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| The Demand for Quality: Choice of Provider Specialization | |
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| Other Studies of Demand for Medical Care | |
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| Applications and Extensions of Demand Theory | |
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| Decision Theory: Deriving the "Right" Demand Curve for Medical Care | |
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| Cost-Effectiveness Ratios and Demand Curves | |
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| Why Variations in Medical Practice? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 5: An Example of Medical Decision Theory | |
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| The Physician and the Physician Firm | |
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| The "Firm"-Inputs, Output, and Cost | |
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| The Physician as Entrepreneur | |
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| The Physician-Firm and its Production Function | |
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| The Physician as Diagnostician | |
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| Nonphysician Primary-Care Providers | |
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| The Size of the Firm-Group Practice of Medicine | |
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| The Physician as Labor | |
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| The Aggregate Supply Curve: Entry and Exit | |
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| The Open Economy: U.S.- and Internationally Trained Physicians | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 6: Cost Passthrough | |
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| Physicians in the Marketplace | |
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| Physician Location Decisions | |
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| Consumer Search and Market Equilibrium | |
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| Actual Search by Patients | |
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| Advertising and the Costs of Information | |
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| The Role of Licensure | |
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| Estimates of the Demand Curve Facing Physician-Firms | |
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| Induced Demand | |
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| The Role of Payment Schemes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Hospital as a Supplier of Medical Care | |
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| The Hospital Organization | |
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| Who Is the Residual Claimant? | |
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| Where Does the Utility Function Come From? A Political Theory Model | |
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| Hospital Costs | |
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| Long-Run Versus Short-Run Costs | |
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| The Hospital's "Cost Curve" | |
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| Another Complication: Outpatient Surgery | |
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| The Demand Curve Facing a Single Hospital | |
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| The Utility-Maximizing Hospital Manager Revisited | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Hospitals in the Marketplace | |
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| Hospitals and the Market for Medical Staff | |
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| Hospitals and Patients | |
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| A Model of Equilibrium Quality and Price | |
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| Insurance and Competition in the Hospital's Decision | |
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| Interaction of Doctors and Hospitals: "Goodies" for the Doctor | |
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| Interaction of Doctors and Hospitals: Patients for the Hospital | |
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| Competition-"Old Style" Versus "New Style" | |
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| Entry and Exit: The Pivotal Role of For-Profit Hospitals | |
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| The Hospital in Labor Markets | |
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| Nursing "Shortages" | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 9: The Hospital's Quality and Quantity Decision | |
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| The Demand for Health Insurance | |
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| The Demand for Health Insurance | |
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| Reasons People Want Insurance | |
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| Choice of the Insurance Policy | |
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| Insurance Market Stability: The Question Of Self-Selection | |
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| Income Tax Subsidization of Health Insurance | |
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| Empirical Estimates of Demand for Insurance | |
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| The Overall Effect of the Tax Subsidy on the Health Sector | |
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| "Optimal" Insurance | |
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| Other Models of Demand for Insurance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendixes to Chapter 10 | |
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| A Detailed Calculation of Welfare Loss | |
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| The Calculus of the Risk/Moral Hazard Trade-off | |
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| The Statistics of an Insurance Pool | |
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| Health Insurance Supply and Managed Care | |
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| The Supply of Insurance | |
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| Managed Care: A Response to the Incentives of Traditional Insurance | |
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| Why Managed Care? | |
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| Types of Interventions | |
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| Consumer Side | |
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| Which Interventions Work Best for Managed Care? | |
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| Long-Run Issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Government Provision of Health Insurance | |
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| The Medicare Program | |
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| Medicare HMOs (Medicare Advantage) | |
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| Operational Changes in Medicare | |
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| The Medicaid Program | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Medical Malpractice | |
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| Background of the Legal System in the United States | |
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| The Economic Logic of Negligence Law | |
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| Judicial Error, Defensive Medicine, and "Tough Guys" | |
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| Medical Malpractice Insurance | |
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| Evidence on Actual Deterrence | |
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| Malpractice Awards: "Lightning" or a "Broom Sweeping Clean"? | |
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| Tort Reform | |
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| Tort Reform Writ Large | |
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| HMO Liability: A New Domain for Malpractice Law | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapter in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Externalities in Health and Medical Care | |
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| Externalities, Property Rights, and the Control of Externalities | |
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| Externalities of Contagion | |
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| Solutions to the Externality Problems | |
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| International Issues-Expanding the Scope of the Externality | |
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| Externalities from Tobacco | |
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| Information as an Externality | |
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| Research as an Externality | |
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| Reasons for So Little Research on Medical Effectiveness | |
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| Transfusion-Induced AIDS and Hepatitis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix to Chapter 14: Value of Life | |
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| Managing the Market: Regulation and Technical Change in Health Care | |
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| A Taxonomy of Regulation | |
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| Licensure | |
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| "Certificate of Need" (CON) Laws | |
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| Drugs and Devices: The New Wave of Medical Care | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Universal Insurance Issues and International Comparisons of Health Care Systems | |
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| General Considerations for a National Health Policy | |
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| Review of Health Policy and Systems in Selected Countries | |
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| Snapshots of Four Countries | |
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| Aggregate International Comparisons | |
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| Increase in Costs and Health Outcomes | |
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| A Final Conundrum | |
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| Summary | |
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| Related Chapters in Handbook of Health Economics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Author's Postscript | |
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| Appendix: Introduction to Basic Economics Concepts | |
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| The Concept of Utility and Demand Curves | |
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| The Demand Curve by a Society: Adding Up Individual Demands | |
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| Using Demand Curves to Measure Value | |
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| The Problem of Supply of Goods | |
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| Market Equilibrium | |
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| Monopoly Pricing | |
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| Monopolistic Competition | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Index | |