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Writing | |
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Reading Critically | |
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Think Critically | |
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Read Critically | |
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Preparing | |
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Experiment and Explore | |
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Invent and Prewrite | |
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Gather Information | |
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Plan and Organize | |
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Composing | |
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Review | |
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Draft | |
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Collaborate | |
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Try Composing with a Computer | |
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Rewriting | |
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Shift from Writer to Reader | |
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Revise | |
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Edit | |
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Proofread | |
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Give and Receive Feedback | |
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Review A Model Student Paper | |
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Structuring Paragraphs | |
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Write Unified Paragraphs | |
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Use Clear Organizational Patterns | |
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Use Sentence-Linking Techniques | |
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Be Consistent with Verb Tense, Person, and Number | |
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Use Parallelism to Make Paragraphs Coherent | |
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Decide on Appropriate Paragraph Length | |
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Link Paragraphs with Key Words | |
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Construct Effective Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs | |
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Formulating Arguments | |
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Formulate an Arguable Thesis | |
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Generate Good Supporting Evidence | |
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Take Note of Evidence for Alternative Views | |
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Develop and Test the Main Points | |
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Build a Compelling Case | |
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Structure the Argument | |
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Avoid Logical and Emotional Fallacies | |
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Research | |
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The Research Project | |
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Become a Researcher | |
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Schedule a Time Frame | |
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Create a Research Notebook | |
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Create a Working Bibliography | |
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Gather Background Information | |
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Conduct Focused Research | |
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Using the Internet for Research | |
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Use Internet Sources throughout the Research Process | |
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Get to Know the Internet and the Web | |
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Search the Internet and the Web | |
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Follow a Student Internet Search | |
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Evaluating Electronic and Print Sources | |
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Choose Legitimate Sources | |
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Follow a Student's Evaluation of Web Links | |
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Using Sources | |
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Use Sources Responsibly | |
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Quote Sources Sparingly | |
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Paraphrase Sources Accurately | |
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Summarize Sources Briefly | |
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Writing the Research Paper | |
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Review the Rhetorical Stance and Thesis | |
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Plan a Structure | |
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Write a Draft | |
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Review and Revise Your Draft | |
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Follow Formatting Conventions | |
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MLA Documentation | |
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MLA Documentation | |
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APA, CMS, AND CBE Documentation | |
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APA, CMS, and CBE Documentation | |
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Document by Using the APA System | |
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Document by Using the Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) System | |
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Document by Using the CBE System | |
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Document Design | |
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Design Principles and Graphics | |
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Follow the Three Basic Design Principles | |
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Use Formatting Tools | |
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Use Graphics | |
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Review Your Document | |
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Designing for the Web | |
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Generate a Basic Design for the Web | |
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Planning Your Web Document | |
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Writing for the Web | |
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Construct the Individual Web Pages | |
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Using HTML to Embed Codes | |
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Refining Your Website | |
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Transfer Your Site to an Internet Server | |
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Special Purpose Writing | |
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Using Electronic Mail | |
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Locate E-mail Addresses | |
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Practice Good E-mail Etiquette | |
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Use File Attachments | |
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Writing about Literature | |
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Write Interpretively or Analytically about Literature | |
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Business Writing | |
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Write Concise and Professional Business Letters | |
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Write Specifically Tailored Letters of Application | |
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Write Appropriately Packed Résumés | |
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Write Focused Memos | |
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Essay Exams | |
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Prepare for an Essay Exam | |
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Attend to the Writing Process | |
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Correct Sentences | |
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Sentence Structure | |
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Learn to Identify Parts of Speech | |
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Learn to Identify Basic Sentence Patterns | |
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Learn to Expand Sentences | |
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Learn How to Classify Sentences | |
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Pronoun Problems | |
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Make Pronouns Agree in Number and Gender with Their Antecedents | |
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Refer to a Specific Noun Antecedent | |
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Avoid Vague Use of This, That, Which, and It | |
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Be Consistent with Use of That and Which | |
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Use the Subjective Case When a Pronoun Functions as a Sentence Subject, Clause Subject, or Subject Complement | |
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Use the Objective Case When a Pronoun Functions as an Object | |
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Test for Pronoun Case in Compound Constructions by Using the Pronoun Alone | |
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Choose the Form for an Interrogative or Relative Pronoun Based on How It Functions in Its Clause | |
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Use Possessive Pronouns to Show Ownership | |
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Choose the Case for a Pronoun in a Comparison Based on How It Would Function in Its Own Clause | |
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Verbs | |
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Learn the Regular Verb Forms | |
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Learn Common Irregular Verb Forms | |
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Know How to Use Auxiliary Verbs | |
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Learn the Verb Tenses | |
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Observe Sequence of Tenses | |
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Use Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Correctly | |
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Favor Active over Passive Voice | |
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Make Sure Verbs Are in the Proper Mood | |
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Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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Use Adjectives to Modify Nouns | |
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Avoid Overuse of Nouns as Modifiers | |
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Use Adverbs to Modify Verbs, Adjectives, Other Adverbs, and Clauses | |
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Be Aware of Some Commonly Confused Adjectives | |
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Use Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly | |
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Avoid Double Negatives | |
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Common Grammar Problems | |
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Sentence Fragments | |
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Make Sentences Grammatically Complete | |
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Connect Dependent Clauses | |
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Connect Sentences | |
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Use Sentence Fragments Only for Special Effect | |
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Commas Splices and Run-On Sentences | |
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Turn One Clause into a Subordinate Clause | |
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Separate Clauses with a Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction | |
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Separate Independent Clauses with a Semicolon | |
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Separate Independent Clauses with a Period | |
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Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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Plural Subjects Require Plural Verbs | |
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Singular Subjects Require Singular Verbs | |
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Compound Subjects Usually Require Plural Verbs | |
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With a Disjunctive Subject, the Verb Should Agree in Number with the Part of the Subject Closest to It | |
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Indefinite Pronouns with a Singular Sense Take Singular Verbs | |
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Those with a Plural Sense Take Plural Verbs | |
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Collective Nouns Typically Take Singular Verbs | |
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Nouns That Are Plural in Form but Singular in Sense Require Singular Verbs | |
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A Linking Verb Always Agrees with Its Subject | |
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In a Sentence Beginning with the Expletive Here or There and Some Form of the Verb Be, the Verb Should Agree with Its True Subject | |
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Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers | |
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Position Modifiers Close to the Words They Modify | |
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Avoid Ambiguity | |
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Try to Put Lengthy Modifiers at the Beginning or End | |
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Avoid Disruptive Modifiers | |
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Avoid Dangling Modifiers | |
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Faulty Shifts | |
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Avoid Unnecessary Shifts in Point of View | |
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Avoid Unnecessary Shifts in Verb Tense, Mood, and Subject | |
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Avoid Shifts in Tone | |
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Avoid Mixed Constructions | |
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Create Consistency between Subjects and Predicates | |
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Avoid Unmarked Shifts between Direct and Indirect Discourse | |
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Effective Sentences And Words | |
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Clarity and Conciseness | |
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Avoid Excessively Long Sentences | |
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Avoid Unnecessary Repetition and Redundancy | |
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Use Passive Voice Only Where Appropriate | |
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Eliminate Wordy Phrases | |
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Avoid a Noun-Heavy Style | |
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Choose Words That Express Your Meaning Precisely | |
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Use That | |
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When Necessary to Clarify Sentence Structure | |
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Make Comparisons Complete and Clear | |
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Avoid Multiple Negation | |
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Coordination and Subordination | |
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Look for a Way to Combine Closely Related Sentences | |
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Coordinate Related Sentences of Equal Value | |
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Subordinate Less Important Ideas | |
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Parallelism | |
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Put Parallel Content in Parallel Form | |
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Make All Items in a List or Series Parallel | |
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Use Parallelism with Correlative Conjunctions | |
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Use Parallelism for Comparisons or Contrasts | |
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Make Parallel Constructions Complete and Clear | |
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Variety | |
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Vary Sentence Length | |
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Vary Sentence Structure | |
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Avoid Excessive Repetition | |
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Word-Processing Tools and Online Resources for Improving Sentences | |
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Use a Style/Grammar Checker Only with Caution | |
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Use Style Templates | |
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Use Other Applications for Sentence Revision | |
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Consult Internet Resources for Writing Help | |
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Choosing the Right Words | |
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Choose the Right Denotation | |
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Choose the Right Connotation | |
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Find the Right Level of Formality | |
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Avoid Jargon, Slang, or Dialect | |
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Avoid Pretentiousness | |
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Use Figurative Language | |
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Avoiding Biased Language | |
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Avoid Biased Gender References | |
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Avoid Biased Language about Race and Ethnicity | |
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Avoid Biased Language about Age | |
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Avoid Biased Language about Other Differences | |
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Using a Thesaurus and Dictionary | |
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Use a Thesaurus to Find Exact Word | |
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Use a Dictionary to Learn about Words | |
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Punctuation | |
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End Punctuation | |
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The Period | |
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Use a Period to Mark the End of a Statement | |
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Use Periods to Punctuate Initials and Many Abbreviations | |
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Use Periods to Mark Basic Divisions in Units and Computer Names | |
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Avoid Common Misuses of Periods | |
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The Question Mark | |
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Use a Question Mark after a Direct Request | |
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Do Not Use a Question Mark after an Indirect Question | |
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The Exclamation Point | |
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Use an Exclamation Point to Signal a Strong Statement | |
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The Comma | |
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Use a Comma to Set Off an Introductory Phrase or Clause | |
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Use a Comma before a Coordinating Conjunction to Separate Independent Clauses | |
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Use Commas between Items in a Series | |
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Use Commas to Separate Coordinate Adjectives | |
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Use Commas to Set off Nonessential Phrases or Clauses | |
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Use Commas to Set off Conjunctive Adverbs | |
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Use Commas with Dates, Place Names and Addresses, Titles and Degrees, and Numbers | |
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Use Commas with Speaker Tags | |
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Use Commas with Markers of Direct Address | |
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Avoid Misuse of Commas | |
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The Semicolon | |
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Use a Semicolon to Separate Independent Clauses Not Linked by a Coordinating Conjunction | |
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Use a Semicolon to Separate Independent Clauses Linked by a Conjunctive Adverb | |
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Use Semicolons in a Series with Internal Punctuation | |
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Place Semicolon Outside Quotation Marks | |
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Avoid Common Semicolon Errors | |
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The Colon | |
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Use a Colon to Introduce a List or Appositive | |
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Use a Colon to Set off a Second Independent Clauses That Explain the First | |
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Use a Colon to Introduce a Quotation | |
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Use Colons in Titles | |
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Use Colons in Business Letters and Memos | |
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Use Colons in Numbers and Addresses | |
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The Apostrophe | |
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Use Apostrophes with Nouns to Indicate Possession | |
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Use Apostrophes to Indicate Contractions and Omitted Letters | |
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Use Apostrophes to Mark Certain Plural Forms | |
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Avoid Misusing the Apostrophe | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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Use Quotation Marks for Exact Direct Quotations | |
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Use Quotation Marks to Suggest Skepticism about a Term | |
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Use Quotation Marks to Indicate Shifts of Register | |
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Use Quotation Marks When Citing Titles of Short Works | |
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Follow Standard Practice in Using Other Punctuation with Quotations | |
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Other Punctuation Marks.Parentheses | |
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Use Parentheses to Insert Parenthetical Comments | |
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Do Not Overuse Parentheses | |
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Use Parentheses around Letters or Numbers to Set off Embedded Lists | |
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Dashes | |
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Use Dashes to Highlight Extra Informational Comments | |
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Use Dashes to Set off Important or Surprising Points | |
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Confine Yourself to One Pair of Dashes Per Sentence | |
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Brackets | |
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Use Brackets to Insert Editorial Comments or Clarifications into Quotations | |
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Use Brackets with the Word Sic | |
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Use Brackets to Acknowledge Editorial Emphasis within a Quotation | |
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Use Brackets for Parenthetical Comments within Parentheses | |
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Ellipses | |
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Use an Ellipsis to Indicate a Deletion from a Quotation | |
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Use an Ellipsis to Indicate a Pause in a Sentence | |
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Slashes | |
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Use Slashes to Separate Lines of Poetry Quoted within a Sentence | |
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Use a Slash to Show Alternatives | |
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Use a Slash to Indicate a Fraction | |
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Use Slashes in Internet Addresses | |
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Use Slashes in Writing Dates Informally | |
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Mechanics And Spelling | |
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Capital Letters and Italics | |
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Capital Letters | |
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Capitalize the First Word of All Free-Standing Sentences | |
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Capitalize All Names, Associated Titles, and Proper Adjectives | |
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Capitalize All Significant Words in Titles | |
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Follow the Owner's Preferences in Capitalizing E-mail Addresses and URLs | |
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Italics | |
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Italicize Titles of Independent Creative Works | |
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Italicize URLs and E-mail Addresses | |
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Italicize Names of Vehicles | |
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Italicize Foreign Words and Phrases | |
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Italicize Words, Letters, and Numbers Referred to as Such | |
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Italicize Words for Emphasis | |
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Abbreviations and Numbers.Abbreviations | |
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Abbreviate Titles, Ranks, and Degrees Only before Or after Full Names | |
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Use Abbreviations after Numerical Dates and Times | |
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Use Latin Abbreviations Sparingly | |
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Use Acronyms and Initials Only if Their Meaning Is Clear | |
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Avoid Most Other Abbreviations in Formal Writing | |
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Numbers | |
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Use Figures with Abbreviations and Conventionally Numerical References | |
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Write out Other Numbers That Can Be Expressed in One or Two Words | |
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Write out Numbers That Begin Sentences | |
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When One Number Modifies Another, Write One as a Figure and the Other as a Word | |
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Write Related Numbers Alike | |
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The Hyphen | |
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Consult Your Dictionary in Hyphenating Compounds | |
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Hyphenate Compounds Acting as Adjectives before Nouns | |
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Hyphenate Spelled-Out Fractions and Numbers from Twenty-One through Ninety-Nine | |
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Hyphenate to Avoid Ambiguity and Awkward Spellings | |
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Use Hyphens for End-of-Line Word Division | |
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Spelling | |
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Use a Spell-Checker | |
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Master Troublesome Homonyms | |
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Guard against Common Spelling Errors | |
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Learn General Spelling Rules and Patterns | |
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Esl Issues | |
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Tips On Nouns and Articles | |
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Use the Plural Only with Count Nouns | |
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Use the for Specific References | |
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Use the with Most Proper Nouns Derived from Common Nouns | |
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Use a or an in Nonspecific References to Singular Count Nouns | |
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Use No Article in Nonspecific References to Plural Count Nouns or Noncount Nouns | |
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Tips On Verbs | |
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Phrasal Verbs | |
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Note Phrasal Verbs as You Listen and Read | |
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Verb Complements | |
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Learn Which Verbs Take Gerunds as Complements | |
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Learn Which Verbs Take to | |
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Infinitives as Complements | |
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Learn Which Verbs Take Both Gerunds and to | |
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Infinitives as Complements | |
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Learn Which Verbs Take Only Unmarked Infinitives as Complements | |
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Verbs of State | |
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Do Not Use the Progressive Tense with Verbs of State | |
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Modal Auxiliary Verbs | |
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Use Only a Base Verb Form Immediately after a Modal Auxiliary | |
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Do Not Use More Than One Modal at a Time | |
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Conditional Sentences | |
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In Factual Conditionals, Use the Same Verb Tense in Both Parts | |
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In Predictive Conditionals, Use a Present-Tense Verb in the if Clause and an Appropriate Modal in the Result Clause | |
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In Hypothetical Conditionals, Use a Past-Tense Verb in the if Clause and Would, Could, or Might | |
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In the Result Clause | |
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Tips On Word Order | |
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String Adjectives in the Order Preferred in English | |
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String Nouns for Easiest Recognition | |
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Use Meaning to Place Adverbs That Modify Verbs | |
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Place Adverbs Directly before Adjectives or Adverbs That They Modify | |
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Place Adverbs before Sentences or Clauses That They Modify | |
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Do Not Put an Adverb between a Verb and Its Object | |
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Tips On Vocabulary | |
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Look for Cognates, but Watch Out for False Friends | |
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Try to Get a Feel for Collocations | |
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Learn Idioms in Their Entirety | |
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Glossary of Computer Terms | |
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Glossary of Grammatical Terms | |
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Glossary of Usage | |