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| The Origins of Western Civilization and the Classical World | |
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| Creation Epics | |
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| The Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 B.C.) | |
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| The Creation Epic (ca. 2000 B.C.) | |
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| The Book of Genesis (ca. 10th-6th century B.C.) | |
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| Hesiod, Works and Days (ca. 700 B.C.) | |
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| The Ancient Near East | |
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| Code of Hammurabi (early 18th century B.C.) | |
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| The Book of the Dead (ca. 16th century B.C.) | |
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| The Book of Exodus (ca. 10th-6th century B.C.) | |
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| The Book of Isaiah (ca. 10th-6th century B.C.) | |
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| Ancient and Classical Greece | |
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| Homer, Iliad (9th-8th century B.C.) | |
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| Sappho of Lesbos, Poems (ca. 600 B.C.) | |
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| Herodotus, History (ca. 450 B.C.) | |
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| Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (ca. 400 B.C.) | |
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| Xenophon, The Spartan Constitution (ca. 360 B.C.) | |
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| Plato, Apology (399 B.C.) | |
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| Plato, The Republic (ca. 327 B.C.) | |
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| Aristotle, Politics (4th century B.C.) | |
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| Cicero, The Trial of Aulus Cluentius Habitus (66 B.C.) | |
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| Virgil, Aeneid (30-19 B.C.) | |
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| Ovid, The Art of Love, (ca. 1 B.C) | |
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| Juvenal, Satires (ca. A.D. 116) | |
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| Plutarch, The Life of Cato the Elder (ca. A.D. 116) | |
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| Suetonius, The Life of Augustus (ca. A.D. 122) | |
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| The Sermon on the Mount (ca. A.D. 28-35) | |
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| St. Paul, Epistle to the Romans (ca. A.D. 57) | |
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| Medieval Europe | |
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| The Early Middle Ages | |
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| Tacitus, Germania (98) | |
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| Eusebius, In Praise of Constantine (336) | |
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| Augustine of Hippo, The City of God (413-46) | |
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| Benedict of Nursia, Rule of Saint Benedict (ca. 535-540) | |
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| The Burgundian Code (ca. 474) | |
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| Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks (ca. 581-591) | |
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| Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of England (731) | |
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| Einhard, The Life of Charlemagne (ca. 829-836) | |
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| Islam and the Eastern Empire | |
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| Justinian, Code (529-565) | |
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| Procopius, Secret History (ca. 560) | |
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| The Koran (7th century) | |
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| Ibn Al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicle (ca. 1150) | |
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| The High Middle Ages | |
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| Feudal Documents (11th-13th centuries) | |
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| Bernard of Angers, Miracles of St. Foy (ca. 1010) | |
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| Flucher of Chartres, The First Crusade and the Siege of Jerusalem (1101) | |
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| The Song of Roland. (ca. 1100) | |
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| Marie de France, The Lay of the Were-Wolf | |
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| Magna Carta | |
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| Francis of Assisi, Admonitions (ca. 1220) | |
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| Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (1266-1273) | |
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| Dante, The Divine Comedy (ca. 1320) | |
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| Catherine of Siena, Letters (1376) | |
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| Christine de Pisan, The Book of the City of Ladies (ca. 1405) | |
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| Margaret Paston, Letters (1441-1448) | |
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| Witchcraft Documents (15th century) | |
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| Renaissance and Reformation | |
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| Francesco Petrarca, Letters (ca. 1372) | |
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| Leon Battista Alberti, On the Family (1435-1444) | |
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| Giorgio Vasari, The Life of Leonardo da Vinci (1550) | |
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| Niccol� Machiavelli, The Prince (1513) | |
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| Desiderius Erasmus, In Praise of Folly (1509) | |
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| Sir Thomas More, Utopia (1516) | |
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| Claude de Seyssel, The Monarchy of France (1515) | |
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| The New Worlds | |
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| Christopher Columbus, Letter from the First Voyage (1493) | |
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| Ludovico di Varthema, Travels (ca. 1508) | |
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| Bartolom� de Las Cases, Apologetic History of the Indies (1566) | |
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| Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza, The History of the Great and Mightie Kingdom of China (1585) | |
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| Martin Luther. The Freedom of a Christian (1520) and Marriage and Celibacy (1566) | |
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| John Calvin, Institutes of Christian Religion (1534) and Catechism (ca. 1540) | |
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| Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises (1548) | |
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| Teresa of Avila, The Life of Saint Teresa (1611). The Early Modern World | |
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| Anonymous, Lazarillo de Tormes (1554) | |
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| The Twelve Articles of the Peasants of Swabia (1524) and Martin Luther, Admonition to Peace (1525) | |
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| Marguerite de Navarre, Heptameron (1558) | |
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| Magdalena and Balthasar Paumgartner, Letters (1592-1596) | |
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| Anonymous, The Debate About Women: Hic Mulier and Haec Vir (1620) | |
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| The Ancient Regime | |
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| The Wars of Religion | |
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| Henry IV, The Edict of Nantes (1598) | |
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| William of Orange, Apology (1580) | |
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| Cardinal Richelieu, The Political Testament (1638) | |
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| Hans von Grimmelshausen, Simplicissimus (1669) | |
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| Subjects and Sovereigns | |
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| James I, True Law of a Free Monarchy (1598) | |
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| Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, A Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants (1579) | |
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| Sir William Clarke, The Putney Debates (1647) | |
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| Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651) | |
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| John Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1689) | |
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| Duc de Saint-Simon, Memoirs (1694-1723) | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Photo Credits | |