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| How to Write Paragraphs and Essays | |
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| Course and College Basics: What You Need to Know to Get Started | |
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| Course Basics | |
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| Take the Course Seriously | |
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| Do the Assignments | |
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| Make Sure You Understand, and Get Help if You Don't | |
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| Manage Your Time | |
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| Get to Class (on Time) and Stay until the End | |
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| Make a Calendar | |
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| Connect to the Class | |
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| Make a Friend | |
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| Get to Know Your Instructor | |
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| Sit Near the Front | |
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| Speak Up | |
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| Identify Your Course Goals and Needs | |
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| Hang in There | |
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| College Basics | |
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| Know Your Resources | |
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| Make A Plan | |
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| What Do I Want To Be? | |
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| Talk with Your Academic Advisor and Plan Out Later Semesters/Terms | |
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| Connect to the College | |
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| Know Your Learning Style | |
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| Use Your Learning Style in College | |
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| Writing Assignments | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Reading Basics: How to Understand What You Read | |
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| Understand How To Read Actively and Critically | |
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| Preview the Reading | |
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| Read Actively | |
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| Find the Main Point | |
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| Find the Support for the Main Point | |
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| Read Critically | |
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| Review and Reflect | |
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| Understand Your Syllabus | |
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| Understand Textbook Features | |
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| Highlighting a Textbook Chapter | |
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| Reviewing for a Test on a Textbook Chapter | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Writing Basics: Audience, Purpose, and Process | |
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| Understand Audience and Purpose | |
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| Understand Paragraph and Essay Form | |
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| Paragraph Form | |
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| Essay Form | |
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| Understand the Writing Process | |
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| Note: Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| Understand Grading Criteria | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Finding, Narrowing, and Exploring Your Topic: Choosing Something to Write About | |
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| Understand What a Topic Is | |
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| Practice Narrowing a Topic | |
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| Practice Exploring Your Topic | |
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| Freewriting | |
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| Listing/Brainstorming | |
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| Discussing | |
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| Clustering and Mapping | |
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| Using the Internet | |
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| Keeping a Journal | |
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| Write Your Own Topic and Ideas | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Writing Your Topic Sentence and Thesis Statement: Making Your Point | |
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| Understand What a Topic Sentence and a Thesis Statement Are | |
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| Practice Developing a Good Topic Sentence or Thesis Statement | |
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| It Fits the Size of the Assignment | |
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| It Contains a Single Main Point | |
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| It Is Specific | |
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| It Is an Idea That You Can Show, Explain, or Prove | |
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| It is Forceful | |
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| Write Your Own Topic Sentence or Thesis Statement | |
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| Writing Assignment | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Supporting Your Point: Finding Details, Examples, and Facts | |
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| Understand What Support Is | |
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| Practice Supporting a Main Point | |
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| Generate Support | |
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| Select the Best Primary Support | |
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| Add Secondary Support | |
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| Write Your Own Support | |
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| Writing Assignment | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Making a Plan: Arranging Your Ideas | |
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| Understand What a Logical Order Is | |
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| Use Time Order to Write about Events | |
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| Use Space Order to Describe Objects, Places, or People | |
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| Use Order of Importance to Emphasize a Particular Point | |
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| Practice Arranging Ideas in a Logical Order | |
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| Choose an Order | |
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| Make a Written Plan | |
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| Outlining Paragraphs | |
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| Outlining Essays | |
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| Make Your Own Plan | |
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| Writing Assignment | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Drafting: Putting Your Ideas Together | |
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| Understand What a Draft Is | |
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| Practice Writing a Draft Paragraph | |
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| Write a Draft Using Complete Sentences | |
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| Write a Concluding Sentence | |
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| Title Your Paragraph | |
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| Write Your Own Draft Paragraph | |
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| Writing Assignment: Paragraph | |
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| Practice Writing a Draft Essay | |
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| Write Topic Sentences and Draft the Body of the Essay | |
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| Write an Introduction | |
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| Open with a Quote | |
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| Give an Example or Tell a Story | |
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| Start with a Surprising Fact or Idea | |
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| Offer a Strong Opinion or Position | |
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| Ask a Question | |
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| Write a Conclusion | |
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| Title Your Essay | |
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| Write Your Own Draft Essay | |
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| Writing Assignment: Essay | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Revising: Improving Your Paragraph or Essay | |
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| Understand What Revision Is | |
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| Understand What Peer Review Is | |
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| Practice Revising for Unity, Detail, and Coherence | |
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| Revise for Unity | |
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| Revise for Detail and Support | |
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| Revise for Coherence | |
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| Revise Your Own Paragraph | |
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| Writing Assignment: Paragraph | |
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| Revise Your Own Essay | |
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| Writing Assignment: Essay | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Writing Different Kinds of Paragraphs and Essays | |
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| Narration: Telling Important Stories | |
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| Understand What Narration Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Narration | |
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| Main Point in Narration | |
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| Support in Narration | |
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| Choosing Major Events | |
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| Giving Details about the Events | |
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| Organization in Narration | |
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| Read and Analyze Narration Profile of Success: Narration in the Real World | |
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| Narration Paragraph: "My Turnaround" | |
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| Narration Essay: "How Community College Changed My Life" | |
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| Write Your Own Narration | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Narration | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Narration | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Illustration: Writing That Gives Examples | |
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| Understand What Illustration Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Illustration | |
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| Main Point in Illustration | |
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| Support in Illustration | |
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| Organization in Narration | |
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| Read and Analyze Illustration | |
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| Profile of Success: Illustration in the Real World | |
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| Illustration Paragraph: "Gifts from the Heart" | |
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| Illustration Essay: "Does Anyone Want Some More Calories | |
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| With That?" | |
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| Write Your Own Illustration | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Illustration | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Illustration | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Description: Writing That Creates Pictures in Words | |
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| Understand What Description Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Description | |
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| Main Point in Description | |
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| Support in Description | |
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| Organization in Description | |
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| Read and Analyze Description | |
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| Profile of Success: Description in the Real World | |
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| Description Paragraph: "The Peach Tree" | |
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| Description Essay: "The Peach Tree" | |
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| Write Your Own Description | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Description | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Description | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Process Analysis: Writing That Explains How Things Happen | |
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| Understand What Process Analysis Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Process Analysis | |
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| Main Point in Process Analysis | |
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| Support in Process Analysis | |
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| Organization in Process Analysis | |
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| Read and Analyze Process Analysis | |
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| Profile of Success: Process Analysis in the Real World | |
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| Process Analysis Paragraph: "Buying a Car at an Auction" | |
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| Process Analysis Essay: "My Home-Exercise Program" | |
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| Write Your Own Process Analysis | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Process Analysis | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Process Analysis | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Classification: Writing That Puts Things into Groups | |
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| Understand What Classification Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Classification | |
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| Main Point in Classification | |
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| Support in Classification | |
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| Organization in Classification | |
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| Read and Analyze Classification | |
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| Profile of Success: Classification in the Real World | |
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| Classification Paragraph: "All My Music" | |
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| Classification Essay: "Blood Type and Personality" | |
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| Write Your Own Classification | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Classification | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Classification | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Definition: Writing That Tells What Something Means | |
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| Understand What Definition Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Definition | |
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| Main Point in Definition | |
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| Support in Definition | |
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| Organization in Definition | |
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| Read and Analyze Definition | |
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| Profile of Success: Definiton in the Real World | |
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| Definition Paragraph: "Not All CAM Is a Scam" | |
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| Definition Essay: "Oh, You're a College Student" | |
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| Write Your Own Definition | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Definition | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Definition | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Comparison and Contrast: Writing That Shows Similarities and Differences | |
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| Understand What Comparison and Contrast Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Main Point in Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Support in Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Organization in Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Read and Analyze Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Profile of Success: Comparison and Contrast in the Real World | |
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| Comparison and Contrast Paragraph: "Men and Women Getting Lost" | |
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| Comparison and Contrast Essay: "Target and Wal-Mart: Not As Different As You Think" | |
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| Write Your Own Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Comparison and Contrast | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Cause and Effect: Writing That Explains Reasons or Results | |
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| Understand What Cause and Effect Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Cause and Effect | |
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| Main Point in Cause and Effect | |
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| Support in Cause and Effect | |
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| Organization in Cause and Effect | |
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| Read and Analyze Cause and Effect | |
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| Profile of Success: Cause and Effect in the Real World | |
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| Cause and Effect Paragraph: "A Difficult Decision with a Positive Outcome" | |
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| Cause and Effect Essay: "Graduation Day: A Life-Changing Experience" | |
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| Write Your Own Cause and Effect | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Cause and Effect | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Cause and Effect | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Argument: Writing That Persuades | |
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| Understand What Argument Is | |
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| Four Basics of Good Argument | |
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| Main Point in Argument | |
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| Support in Argument Reasons and Evidence | |
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| The Conclusion | |
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| Organization in Argument | |
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| Read and Analyze Argument | |
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| Profile of Success: Argument in the Real World | |
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| Argument Essay: "The Gas Tax Is Fair" | |
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| Argument Essay: "Unequal Taxation" | |
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| Write Your Own Argument | |
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| Checklist: Tips for Tackling Argument | |
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| Community Matters | |
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| Checklist: How to Write Argument | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Special College Writing Projects | |
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| Writing Summaries and Reports: Condensing Important Information | |
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| Write a Summary | |
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| The Reading Process for Summaries | |
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| The Writing Process for Summaries: A Checklist | |
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| Summary Assignments | |
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| Write a Report | |
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| "A Brother's Murder": A Painful Story That Is as True As Ever | |
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| The Reading Process for Reports | |
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| The Writing Process for Reports: A Checklist | |
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| Report Assignments | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Writing the Research Essay: Using Outside Sources in Your Writing | |
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| Make a Schedule | |
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| Choose a Topic | |
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| Find Sources | |
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| Consult a Reference Librarian | |
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| Use the Online Catalog | |
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| Look at Your Library's Web Site | |
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| Use Your Library's Online Databases | |
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| Use the Internet | |
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| Uniform Resource Locator (URL) | |
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| Search Engines and Searching with Key Words | |
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| Online Research Sites | |
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| Interview People | |
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| Evaluate Sources | |
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| Avoid Plagiarism | |
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| Keep a Running Bibliography | |
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| Indirect Quotation: Summary | |
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| Indirect Quotation: Paraphrase | |
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| Direct Quotation | |
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| Cite and Document Your Sources | |
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| Use In-Text Citations Within Your Essay | |
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| Use a Works Cited List at the End of Your Essay | |
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| Books | |
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| Electronic Sources | |
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| Other Sources | |
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| Sample Student Research Essay | |
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| Checklist: How to Write A Research Essay | |
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| Editing | |
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| The Four Most Serious Errors | |
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| The Basic Sentence: An Overview | |
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| The Four Most Serious Errors | |
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| The Parts of Speech | |
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| The Basic Sentence | |
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| Subjects | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Action Verbs | |
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| Linking Verbs | |
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| Helping Verbs | |
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| Complete Thoughts | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Fragments: Incomplete Sentences | |
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| Understand What Fragments Are | |
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| In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Fragments? | |
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| Find and Correct Fragments | |
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| Fragments That Start with Prepositions | |
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| Fragments That Start with Dependent Words | |
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| Fragments That Start with -ing Verb Forms | |
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| Fragments That Start with to and a Verb | |
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| Fragments That Start with Examples or Explanations | |
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| Edit for Fragments | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Run-Ons: Two Sentences Joined Incorrectly | |
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| Understand What Run-Ons Are | |
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| In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Run-Ons and Comma Splices? | |
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| Find and Correct Run-Ons | |
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| Add a Period | |
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| Add a Semicolon | |
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| Add a Semicolon and a Conjunctive Adverb | |
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| Add a Comma and a Coordinating Conjunction | |
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| Add a Dependent Word | |
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| A Word That Can Cause Run-Ons and Comma Splices: Then | |
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| Edit Run-Ons | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement: When Subjects and Verbs Don't Match | |
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| Understand What Subject-Verb Agreement Is | |
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| In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Correct Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement? | |
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| Practice Finding and Correcting Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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| The Verb is a Form of Be, Have, or Do | |
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| Words Come between the Subject and the Verb | |
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| Prepositional Phrase between the Subject and the Verb | |
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| Dependent Clause between the Subject and the Verb | |
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| The Sentence Has a Compound Subject | |
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| The Subject Is an Indefinite Pronoun | |
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| The Verb Comes before the Subject | |
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| Questions | |
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| Sentences That Begin with Here or There | |
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| Edit for Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Verb Tense: Using Verbs to Express Different Times | |
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| Understand What Verb Tense Is | |
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| In the Real World, Why Is It Important to Use the Correct Verb Tense? | |
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| Practice Using Correct Verbs | |
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| Regular Verbs | |
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| Present-Tense Endings: -s and No Ending | |
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| One Regular Past-Tense Ending: -ed | |
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| One Regular Past Participle Ending: -ed | |
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| Irregular Verbs | |
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| Present Tense, Be and Have | |
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| Past Tense, Be | |
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| Past Participles | |
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| Have/Has + Past Participle = Present Perfect Tense Had + Past Participle = Past Perfect Tense Be + Past Participle = Passive Voice | |
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| Consistency of Verb Tense | |
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| Edit for Verb Problems | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Test | |
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| Other Grammar Concerns | |
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| Pronouns: Using Substitutes for Nouns | |
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| Understand What Pronouns Are | |
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| Practice Using Pronouns Correctly | |
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| Identify Pronouns | |
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| Check for Pronoun Agreement | |
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| Indefinite Pronouns | |
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| Collective Nouns | |
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| Make Pronoun References Clear | |
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| Use the Right Type of Pronoun | |
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| Subject Pronouns | |
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| Object Pronouns | |
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| Possessive Pronouns | |
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| Pronouns Used with Compound Subjects and Objects | |
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| Pronouns Used in Comparisons | |
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| Choosing between Who and Whom | |
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| Make Pronouns Consistent in Person | |
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| Edit for Pronoun Use | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Adjectives and Adverbs: Using Descriptive Words | |
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| Understand What Adjectives and Adverbs Are | |
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| Practice Using Adjectives and Adverbs Correctly | |
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| Choosing between Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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| Using Adjectives and Adverbs in Comparisons | |
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| Using Good, Well, Bad, and Badly | |
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| Edit for Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers: Avoiding Confusing Descriptions | |
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| Understand What Misplaced Modifiers Are | |
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| Practice Correcting Misplaced Modifiers | |
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| Understand What Dangling Modifiers Are | |
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| Practice Correcting Dangling Modifiers | |
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| Edit for Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Coordination: Joining Sentences with Related Ideas | |
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| Understand What Coordination Is Practice Using Coordination | |
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| Using Coordinating Conjunctions | |
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| Using Semicolons | |
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| Edit for Coordination | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Subordination: Joining Sentences with Related Ideas | |
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| Understand What Subordination Is | |
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| Practice Using Subordination | |
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| Edit for Subordination | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Parallelism: Balancing Ideas | |
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| Understand What Parallelism Is | |
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| Practice Writing Parallel Sentences | |
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| Parallelism in Pairs and Lists | |
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| Parallelism in Comparisons | |
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| Parallelism with Certain Paired Words | |
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| Edit for Parallelism | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Sentence Variety: Putting Rhythm in Your Writing | |
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| Understand What Sentence Variety Is | |
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| Practice Creating Sentence Variety | |
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| Start Some Sentences with Adverbs | |
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| Join Ideas Using an -ing Verb | |
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| Join Ideas with a Past Participle | |
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| Join Ideas Using an Appositive | |
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| Join Ideas Using an Adjective Clause | |
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| Edit for Sentence Variety | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Formal English and ESL Concerns: Grammar Trouble Spots for Multilingual Students | |
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| Basic Sentence Patterns | |
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| Statements | |
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| Negatives | |
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| Questions | |
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| There Is and There Are | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Confusing Subject and Object Pronouns | |
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| Confusing Gender | |
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| Leaving Out a Pronoun | |
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| Using a Pronoun to Repeat a Subject | |
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| Using Relative Pronouns | |
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| Verbs | |
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| The Simple Tenses | |
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| Simple Present | |
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| Simple Past | |
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| Simple Future | |
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| The Perfect Tenses | |
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| The Present Perfect | |
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| The Past Perfect | |
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| The Future Perfect | |
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| The Progressive Tenses | |
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| Modal Auxiliaries/Helping Verbs | |
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| Gerunds and Infinitives | |
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| Articles | |
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| Using Definite and Indefinite Articles | |
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| Prepositions | |
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| Prepositions after Adjectives | |
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| Prepositions after Verbs | |
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| Chapter Review | |
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| Chapter Test | |
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| Test | |
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| Word Use | |
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| Word Choice: Using the Right Words | |
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| Understand the Importance of Choosing Words Carefully | |
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| Dictionary | |
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| Thesaurus | |
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| Practice Avoiding Four Common Word-Choice Problems | |
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| Vague and Abstract Words | |
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| Slang | |
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| Wordy Language | |
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| Clich�©s | |